Iron is one of the cheapest and abundant
metals on the earth’s
crust. Both its oxides and metallic form are highly active as oxidation
and reduction catalysts. Its oxide forms such as Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 are magnetically active at
room temperature, making them easy for separation and reuse. Fe2O3 exists in 14 different phases; among them, α,
β, and γ are well known. We have separated phase-pure
γ-Fe2O3 from the river sand and confirmed
it by X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction analyses.
Its morphology was understood by scanning electron microscopy and
high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses. The unmodified
γ-Fe2O3 obtained from the natural source
was employed as a catalyst for the transfer hydrogenation of carbonyl
and nitro compounds and biomass derivatives such as levulinic acid,
furfural, and vanillin, without using a base. Further, to understand
the advantage of γ-Fe2O3 recovered from
the natural source, phase-pure α-, β-, and γ-Fe2O3 were synthesized and characterized and their
catalytic activity was studied under identical conditions. To our
delight, γ-Fe2O3 recovered from the natural
source exhibited superior activity under base-free conditions.