Iron monosulfide identification: Field techniques to provide evidence of reducing conditions in soils

Duball, Chelsea; Vaughan, Karen; Berkowitz, Jacob F.; Rabenhorst, Martin C.; VanZomeren, Christine M.

doi:10.1002/saj2.20044

Cited by 18 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…P1, P2, and P3: Area 1secondary tropical forest (natural vegetation); P4, P5, and P6: Area 2 -Conventional tillage of cassava (Manihot esculenta); P7, P8, and P9: Area 3 -intercropped coconut (Cocos nucifera) with cassava (Manihot esculenta). and high TOC contents supporting anaerobic microbial respiration (Rabenhorst et al, 2010;Duball et al, 2020). With drainage and plowing, the soils are exposed to oxygen, and sulfides (usually iron sulfides or mineral pyrite) are oxidized to sulfuric acid leading to acidification.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of land use on Histosols properties in urban agriculture ecosystems of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Santos¹,

Neto²,

García³

et al. 2020

Revista Brasileira De Ciência Do Solo

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Histosols provide several ecosystem services, related mainly to their reserves of carbon and nitrogen. Management practices in these soils can increase the mineralization of organic matter and contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of tillage with plowing and drainage on Histosol properties in three land use systems located in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Three areas subjected to different land use systems over the last twenty years were chosen: Area 1, secondary forest with natural regeneration; Area 2, conventional tillage of cassava with plowing; and Area 3, intercropped coconut + cassava with an artificial drainage system. The chemical characterization, von Post scale of organic matter decomposition, percentage of rubbed fiber, organic matter, percentage of mineral material, bulk density, electrical conductivity, soluble phosphate, total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (NT), organic carbon fractions, and C and N stocks were analyzed. Our results showed the critical, nearly irreversible effects of agricultural practices comprising drainage and plowing of the soil. Over twenty years, in Area 2, the TOC and NT values decreased by 33 and 20 %, respectively in the histic horizon, and by about 17 and 8 %, respectively in the gley horizon. In Area 3, the TOC and NT values decreased by 31 and 18 %, respectively, in the histic horizon, and by 27 and 21 % in the gley horizon. Our findings also showed that the loss of C is related to the labile organic carbon, which is more sensitive to environmental changes, even at deeper depths. The plowing of the soil decreases the organic matter content due to the accelerated oxidation of organic matter, increasing the bulk density. Drainage, besides the loss of organic matter by subsidence, promotes the sulfidization of the soil with a high content of SO 4 2-, due to the oxidation of soil materials containing sulfides.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of land use on Histosols properties in urban agriculture ecosystems of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Santos¹,

Neto²,

García³

et al. 2020

Revista Brasileira De Ciência Do Solo

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“…The program uses a thresholding approach to identify areas of Fe oxide deposition onto Mn films. Although not discussed here, the program also contains a feature that similarly uses a thresholding approach in b* to delineate areas of iron sulfide formation on Fe films, which appear as gray-black areas on Fe films in sulfidic environments (Duball et al, 2020).…”

Section: Iris Imager Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The IRIS Imager: A freeware program for quantification of paint removal on IRIS films

Limmer

Evans

Seyfferth

2021

Soil Science Soc of Amer J

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Soils with seasonal or continuous water saturation are characterized by unique redoxrelated processes including Fe and Mn oxide reduction. Indicators of reduction in soils (IRIS) devices were created as low-cost, direct sensors of such reduced chemistry. Such IRIS devices are painted with oxides of Fe or Mn, inserted into the soil, and then removed after a period of time; once removed, the paint lost due to reductive dissolution of these oxides is used to indicate the presence, location, and/or intensity of reducing conditions. However, quantifying the paint removal using existing methods can be subjective and time consuming. Here, we describe the use of the IRIS Imager, an image analysis program that calculates removal of paint from IRIS films in L*a*b* color space (where L* is lightness, a* is red-green value, and b* is blueyellow value) by comparing the change in lightness between initial and final IRIS film images. Paint removal from films deployed in flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddy soils were quantified using the IRIS Imager, the grid method, and chemical extractions of IRIS films. All three methods were suitable for quantification of paint removal, but the IRIS Imager provided additional statistics to assess heterogeneity in paint removal on individual films and a less subjective approach to quantifying Mn oxide paint removal when Fe oxidation on Mn films was present. This free software can be used with IRIS devices to reproducibly measure paint removal from Fe oxide and Mn oxide IRIS and Fe oxide precipitation on Mn oxide IRIS.Abbreviations: DCB, dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate; ICP-OES, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry; IRIS, indicator of reduction in soils.

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“…Additionally, S reduction was evident as visible Fe monosulfide formation on all IRIS tubes removed from the SC wetland site on March 6. The presence of Fe monosulfides indicates a highly reduced soil environment and therefore anaerobic conditions (Duball et al, 2020). With the technical standard of Fe oxide paint removal from IRIS tubes being >30% Fe reduction from a zone 15 cm or more thick within 15 cm of the soil surface (NTCHS, 2015), all three potential wetland sites demonstrate active reducing conditions for extended periods (Figure 2).…”

Section: Reducing Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serpentine parent materials lead to the formation of atypical hydric soils

Vaughan

DeMoss

Cullum-Muyres

et al. 2020

Soil Science Soc of Amer J

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Hydrologically isolated wetlands offer critical ecosystem services including water filtration and storage, carbon sequestration, and wildlife habitat, among many others. Geomorphic features formed via landslides, termed slump blocks, along the central coast of California can create the ideal, lower angle conditions for wetland hydrology to persist, followed by hydrophytic vegetation and hydric soils. Areas susceptible to the formation of slump block wetlands are those along steep slopes underlain by metamorphosed ultramafic (serpentine) colluvial and residual parent materials due to their propensity to slip along fracture planes. The soils that form in these settings do not exhibit traditional redoximorphic features near the surface that are necessary to identify wetland soils via field observation of morphological features. The objective of this study is to examine the morphology of hydromorphic soils forming in serpentine colluvium and residuum and determine wetland status by employing a combination of biogeochemical, hydrological, and vegetative assessments. These serpentinite‐derived soils forming on slump block geomorphic surfaces meet the technical standard of hydric soils using Indicator of Reduction in Soil tubes as a proxy, despite the lack of traditional observable redoximorphic features. In addition, both wetland hydrology and hydrophytic vegetation communities were documented, therefore meeting the three requirements of wetlands. Ultimately, the importance lies in properly identifying and delineating ecosystems in need of conservation and as such, we propose an alternate field indicator for use in serpentine soils forming in landslide‐susceptible terrain.

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Iron monosulfide identification: Field techniques to provide evidence of reducing conditions in soils

Cited by 18 publications

References 49 publications

Impact of land use on Histosols properties in urban agriculture ecosystems of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Impact of land use on Histosols properties in urban agriculture ecosystems of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The IRIS Imager: A freeware program for quantification of paint removal on IRIS films

Serpentine parent materials lead to the formation of atypical hydric soils

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