Iron: Not Just a Passive Bystander in AITD

Szklarz, Michał; Gontarz-Nowak, Katarzyna; Matuszewski, Wojciech; Bandurska-Stankiewicz, Elżbieta

doi:10.3390/nu14214682

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 148 publications

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“…Currently, our knowledge about thyroidal uptake, utilization and potential storage mechanisms for Se und Fe, and the interaction of such mechanisms with the thyroid utilization and homeostasis of the iodine system is lacking and thus purposeful basic and clinical research on these relevant interactions is urgently needed. Only limited experimental and clinical evidence for the need of a balanced supply of I and Fe on the one hand [ 12 , 52 , 113 , 114 , 117 ], and of I and Se on the other hand [ 43 , 113 , 118 , 119 ], has been reported. Thus, inadequate Fe status impairs the utilization of I, even if this element is sufficiently available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selenium, Iodine and Iron–Essential Trace Elements for Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism

Köhrle

2023

IJMS

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The adequate availability and metabolism of three essential trace elements, iodine, selenium and iron, provide the basic requirements for the function and action of the thyroid hormone system in humans, vertebrate animals and their evolutionary precursors. Selenocysteine-containing proteins convey both cellular protection along with H2O2-dependent biosynthesis and the deiodinase-mediated (in-)activation of thyroid hormones, which is critical for their receptor-mediated mechanism of cellular action. Disbalances between the thyroidal content of these elements challenge the negative feedback regulation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid periphery axis, causing or facilitating common diseases related to disturbed thyroid hormone status such as autoimmune thyroid disease and metabolic disorders. Iodide is accumulated by the sodium-iodide-symporter NIS, and oxidized and incorporated into thyroglobulin by the hemoprotein thyroperoxidase, which requires local H2O2 as cofactor. The latter is generated by the dual oxidase system organized as ‘thyroxisome’ at the surface of the apical membrane facing the colloidal lumen of the thyroid follicles. Various selenoproteins expressed in thyrocytes defend the follicular structure and function against life-long exposure to H2O2 and reactive oxygen species derived therefrom. The pituitary hormone thyrotropin (TSH) stimulates all processes required for thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion and regulates thyrocyte growth, differentiation and function. Worldwide deficiencies of nutritional iodine, selenium and iron supply and the resulting endemic diseases are preventable with educational, societal and political measures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selenium, Iodine and Iron–Essential Trace Elements for Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism

Köhrle

2023

IJMS

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“…Furthermore, the decreased expression of histone deacetylase HDAC2 in eye tissue of patients with thyroid eye disease leads to the increased proliferation of T cells and worsening of inflammation 19 . Another research study has indicated that miR-133a, through the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway, can influence cell contraction and proliferation, thereby affecting the occurrence and development of thyroid eye disease 20 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive epigenetic network can influence the occurrence of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy by affecting immune and inflammatory response

Zhang,

Wu,

Gong

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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The primary objective of this study is to understand the regulatory role of epigenetics in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) using multi-omics sequencing data. We utilized tRFs sequencing data, DNA methylation sequencing data, and lncRNA/circRNA/mRNA sequencing data, as well as several RNA methylation target prediction websites, to analyze the regulatory effect of DNA methylation, non-coding RNA, and RNA methylation on TAO-associated genes. Through differential expression analysis, we identified 1019 differentially expressed genes, 985 differentially methylated genes, and 2601 non-coding RNA. Functional analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were mostly associated with the PI3K signaling pathway and the IL17 signaling pathway. Genes regulated by DNA epigenetic regulatory networks were mainly related to the Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway, whereas genes regulated by RNA epigenetic regulatory networks were primarily related to the T cell receptor signaling pathway. Finally, our integrated regulatory network analysis revealed that epigenetics mainly impacts the occurrence of TAO through its effects on key pathways such as cell killing, cytokine production, and immune response. In summary, this study is the first to reveal a new mechanism underlying the development of TAO and provides new directions for future TAO research.

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“…Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and Hashimoto’s disease, is an autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) with a complex etiopathology, which includes genetic (e.g., major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes) and environmental factors, such as past infections, medications, and smoking, and the level of microelements, such as iodine, iron, and selenium [ 1 , 2 ]. With an incidence of 0.3–1.5 cases per 1000 people, HT is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine-replete areas [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Vitamin D on Immunopathology of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: From Theory to Practice

Lebiedziński

Lisowska

2023

Nutrients

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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is a common autoimmune disease affecting the thyroid gland, characterized by lymphocytic infiltration, damage to thyroid cells, and hypothyroidism, and often requires lifetime treatment with levothyroxine. The disease has a complex etiology, with genetic and environmental factors contributing to its development. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to a higher prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in certain populations, including children, adolescents, and obese individuals. Moreover, vitamin D supplementation has shown promise in reducing antithyroid antibody levels, improving thyroid function, and improving other markers of autoimmunity, such as cytokines, e.g., IP10, TNF-α, and IL-10, and the ratio of T-cell subsets, such as Th17 and Tr1. Studies suggest that by impacting various immunological mechanisms, vitamin D may help control autoimmunity and improve thyroid function and, potentially, clinical outcomes of HT patients. The article discusses the potential impact of vitamin D on various immune pathways in HT. Overall, current evidence supports the potential role of vitamin D in the prevention and management of HT, although further studies are needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic benefits.

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Iron: Not Just a Passive Bystander in AITD

Cited by 4 publications

References 148 publications

Selenium, Iodine and Iron–Essential Trace Elements for Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism

Selenium, Iodine and Iron–Essential Trace Elements for Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism

A comprehensive epigenetic network can influence the occurrence of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy by affecting immune and inflammatory response

Impact of Vitamin D on Immunopathology of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: From Theory to Practice

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