Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in a Dynamic Flux: Implications for Magnetic Hyperthermia-Controlled Fluid Viscosity

Abstract

Magnetic hyperthermia (MH) is the phenomenon of increasing the temperature of a system with magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) subjected to an alternating magnetic field (AMF). This phenomenon occurs as the energy from the magnetic field is transformed into heat by mechanical (Brownian relaxation) and/or magnetic (Neél relaxation) magnetization reversal. In this work, we developed an experimental setup to test the use of MH for industrial applications. The liquid's viscosity decreases as the temperature increases, and liquids with high viscosity are present in several industries (e.g., O&G, pharmaceutical, chemical, and food), where a reduction in viscosity can translate into lower costs and greater profitability, for instance, in some industries, by decreasing the pressure drop and hence increasing the flow rate and in others by avoiding problems that occur at low temperature. Our pilot apparatus was built to investigate the hyperthermia effect when a mixture of viscous liquids and NPs, with an average size of 8 nm (transmission electron microscopy), flows through an AMF. In this study, three different configurations were tested, two static, with mixture samples of 1 and 100 mL, and one under dynamic flowing conditions. Two important results should be highlighted: (1) static experiments with 1 and 100 mL had similar SAR [W/g] values, demonstrating the viability of scaling up and (2) there was an increase in the temperature of the colloid flowing through the AMF. It was therefore possible to observe a clear increase in the liquid's temperature when subjected to an AMF, for all condition cases. The results suggest that this technology can be applied on an industrial scale by optimizing the coils and NP properties.

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in a Dynamic Flux: Magnetic Hyperthermia Effect on Flowing Heavy Crude Oil

“…In previous works, an important parameter in magnetic hyperthermia, the so-called specific absorption rate (SAR) of these systems (for static measurements) was discussed. , The system’s temperature variation was measured, and the energy output is given in W/g units. The system’s heat dissipation was determined by the lower relaxation time between the Néel and Brownian mechanisms.…”

“…Oleic acid-coated and oleic acid-dispersed nanoparticles were delivered with a weight concentration of 12%. Saturation magnetization (MS) values are 71 A m 2 /kg NP at 300 K, measured in a previous work . Toluene (C 6 H 5 CH 3 , ≥99.5%) and oleic acid (C 18 H 34 O 2 , ≥90%) were both acquired from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further processing.…”

“…This research focuses on a different approach to the flow assurance problems in oil production, by adding magnetic nanoparticles to the oil flowing in the pipes, and with the subsequent application of an alternating magnetic field (AMF) to the system . Here, the nanoparticle (NP) concentration of the heavy crude oil was changed.…”

Application of biocompatible and ultrastable superparamagnetic iron(iii) oxide nanoparticles doped with magnesium for efficient magnetic fluid hyperthermia in lung cancer cells

“…13 Studies have shown that MFH is dependent on many characteristics of MNPs, e.g., nanoparticle size and shape, 14,15 magnetic moment, 16 magnetic anisotropy, and viscosity of the magnetic fluid in which nanoparticles are dispersed, and finally the nanoparticle phase (crystalline or amorphous) and concentration. 17,18 Since MFH due to MNPs under an AMF is efficient for thermal sensitization of cancer cells to chemo-and/or radiotherapy 19 and is also used as a promising adjuvant therapy in solid tumors, 20,21 an appropriate chemical composition of magnetic nanomaterials, including the magnetic core and its surrounding, is a major challenge for effective MFH treatments in clinical practice.…”

Tunable Hydroxyapatite/Magnetite Nanohybrids with Preserved Magnetic Properties

“…Magnetic nanomaterials have been explored in a wide range of applications due to their unique properties at the nanoscale. [ 1 ] Iron oxides (IOs), in particular, have shown significant potential for numerous applications, such as data storage, [ 2 ] energy production, [ 3 ] ferrofluids, [ 4 ] catalysis, [ 5 ] magnetic sensors, [ 6 ] magnetic refrigeration, [ 7 ] magnetic resonance, [ 8 ] cancer therapy, [ 9 ] hyperthermia, [ 10 ] drug delivery, [ 11 ] as well as water treatment. [ 12 ] The particle size of the IOs has an impact on the properties that determines the applications they are suitable for.…”