Iron oxide pillared clay with large gallery height: Synthesis and properties as a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst

Rightor, E. G.; Tzou, Ming-Shin; Pinnavaia, Thomas J.

doi:10.1016/0021-9517(91)90089-m

Cited by 147 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Choudary found that iron pillared clays (FePILCs) were efficient catalysts, producing quantitative conversions with greatly reduced amounts of catalysts and shorter reaction times [6]. However, FePILCs were quite labile even under ambient conditions [7]. Aging the materials for periods of 3 months at 25°C resulted in a loss of the 011 ordering, redistribution of iron and a concomitant change in the degree of polycation polymerization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Catalytic activity of mesoporous catalysts in Friedel–Crafts benzylation of benzene

Arafat

Alhamed

2008

J Porous Mater

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Different samples of metal-incorporated MCM-41 were prepared and used as catalysts in Friedel-Craft's benzylation of benzene. The catalytic performance was evaluated by off-line GC analysis. Fe-MCM-41 exhibited excellent activity, the sample with Si/Fe ratio = 10 showed 90% conversion with 95% selectivity towards diphenylmethane within a few minutes. Generally, the activity per Fe-site was an order of magnitude higher for the samples containing a combination of Fe 2 O 3 nano-particles and isolated Fe 3+ sites. A synergy of two catalytic centers (particles and isolated sites) is proposed to explain the high performance of the highly loaded samples. The catalytic performance of Fe-MCM-41 was superior to other metalcontaining MCM-41 (e.g. Ga, Sn, and Ti) catalysts, or other Fe-containing mesoporous materials (e.g. Fe-HMS).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, the poor thermal stability of clay materials gives rise to difficulties in regeneration. Heteropolyacid salts [7][8][9] and zeolites (e.g. HY [10], and H-b [11]) were also used as catalysts for Friedel-Crafts reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic activity of mesoporous catalysts in Friedel–Crafts benzylation of benzene

Arafat

Alhamed

2008

J Porous Mater

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“…Reduction of water within the clay creates macropore conduits, which allow ion exchange to occur between the clay and the n-ZVM. For example, the substitution of Na, Ca, Mg, Al cations by Fe 2+ and Fe (a−n)+ H(aq) at low pH [79][80][81][82][83][84][85] and by Na + at high pH (e.g., >8) [86].…”

Section: Increases In Ph Associated With Increases or Decreases In Ehmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…within clays contained within the aquifer. This pillaring process will create catalytic sites within the clay nano-environment, which can both crack/reduce organic chemicals (pollutants) and polymerise CO x , C x H y , C x H y O z , C x H y Cl z into hydrocarbons and other compounds [85]. …”

Section: Increases In Ph Associated With Increases or Decreases In Ehmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Zero-Valent Metal (ZVM) Water Treatment Associated with Diffusion, Infiltration, Abstraction, and Recirculation

Antia¹

2010

Sustainability

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Socio-economic, climate and agricultural stress on water resources have resulted in increased global demand for water while at the same time the proportion of potential water resources which are adversely affected by sodification/salinisation, metals, nitrates, and organic chemicals has increased. Nano-zero-valent metal (n-ZVM) injection or placement in aquifers offers a potential partial solution. However, n-ZVM application results in a substantial reduction in aquifer permeability, which in turn can reduce the amount of water that can be abstracted from the aquifer. This study using static diffusion and continuous flow reactors containing n-ZVM and m-ZVM (ZVM filaments, filings and punchings) has established that the use of m-ZVM does not result in a reduction in aquifer permeability. The experimental results are used to design and model m-ZVM treatment programs for an aquifer (using recirculation or static diffusion). They also provide a predictive model for water quality associated with specific abstraction rates and infiltration/injection into an aquifer. The study demonstrates that m-ZVM treatment requires 1% of the weight required for n-ZVM treatment for a specific flow rate. It is observed that 1 t Fe 0 will process 23,500 m 3 of abstracted or infiltrating water. m-ZVM is able to remove >80% of nitrates from flowing water and adjust the water composition (by reduction) in an aquifer to optimize removal of nitrates, metals and organic compounds. The experiments demonstrate that ZVM treatment of an aquifer can be used to reduce groundwater salinity by 20 -> 45% and that an aquifer remediation program can be designed to desalinate an aquifer. Modeling indicates that widespread application of m-ZVM water treatment may reduce global socio-economic, climate and agricultural stress on water resources. The rate of oxygen formation during water reduction OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2010, 2 2989[by ZVM (Fe 0 , Al 0 and Cu 0 )] controls aquifer permeability, the associated aquifer pH, aquifer Eh and the degree of water treatment that occurs.

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“…Much interest and research have, since the 1970s, been directed toward the synthesis of pillared clays with high thermal and hydrothermal stabilities. The most promising ones for use as adsorbents and catalysts are as follows; Al-PILC 3-l8 , Zr-PILC 4,5,[19][20][21][22][23] , Cr-PILC 6,[24][25][26][27][28] , Fe-PILC [29][30][31][32][33][34][35] , Ti-PILC [36][37][38] , Ni-PILC 39 and Si-PILC [40][41] . The choices of hydroxy cations are not limited to those mentioned; in fact any metal oxide or salt that forms polynuclear species upon hydrolysis 42 can be inserted as pillars, and all layered clays of the abundant phyllosilicate family as well as other layered clays can be used as the hosts 16,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pillared Clays and Ion-Exchanged Pillared Clays as Gas Adsorbents and as Catalysts for Selective Catalytic Reduction of No

Yang

Cheng

Fundamental Materials Research

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Iron oxide pillared clay with large gallery height: Synthesis and properties as a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst

Cited by 147 publications

References 24 publications

Catalytic activity of mesoporous catalysts in Friedel–Crafts benzylation of benzene

Catalytic activity of mesoporous catalysts in Friedel–Crafts benzylation of benzene

Sustainable Zero-Valent Metal (ZVM) Water Treatment Associated with Diffusion, Infiltration, Abstraction, and Recirculation

Pillared Clays and Ion-Exchanged Pillared Clays as Gas Adsorbents and as Catalysts for Selective Catalytic Reduction of No

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