Iron Recovery Technology of Red Mud—A review

Kong, Hao; Zhou, Tianfei; Yang, Xinhua; Gong, Yu; Zhang, Man; Yang, Hee‐Man

doi:10.3390/en15103830

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…This is evidenced by keywords like " magnetic separation " and " iron recovery " in the yellow cluster or " iron " in the blue cluster. Residue's high iron content (up to 60 %) has inspired numerous studies into methods for iron recovery [ 45 ], mainly by solid-state reduction-magnetic separation and smelting [ 46 , 47 ]. The blue cluster shows that the mineral components of the residue present a clear value recovery opportunity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the research landscape of bauxite by-products (red mud): An evolutionary perspective from 1995 to 2022

Svobodova-Sedlackova,

Calderón,

Fernandez

et al. 2024

Heliyon

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the research landscape of bauxite by-products (red mud): An evolutionary perspective from 1995 to 2022

Svobodova-Sedlackova,

Calderón,

Fernandez

et al. 2024

Heliyon

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“…The differential form of the reaction rate equation 26 is shown in Equation ( 5), where α is the conversion rate, t is the reaction time, kðTÞ is the rate constant, and p is the partial pressure of the gas related to the reaction. The form of kðTÞ is shown in Equation ( 6) according to the Arrhenius equation, α is calculated using Equation (7), where m 0 ,m t , m f represent the initial mass, mass at time t, and final mass, respectively, and hðPÞ is in the form of Equation ( 8). Since the reaction is conducted under isothermal condition, T is a constant.…”

Section: Kinetic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the RM sample reached a stable mass in the temperature range of 500-600 C under the isothermal condition and inert gas atmosphere, the reactions of Equations ( 12)-( 14) had already completed, thus eliminating interference from these components. The data in an experiment was calculated from Equation (7). is shown as the blue points in Figure 7.…”

Section: Constant Heating Rate Tga Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The iron recovery from RM is categorized into physical method, pyrometallurgical method, hydrometallurgical method, and other emerging methods. 7 Pyrometallurgical method has the advantages of high recovery efficiency compared to physical method, simple steps and waste minimization compared to hydrometallurgical method. Besides, other emerging methods are still at the immature stage and faces challenges in achieving large-scale applications.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Kinetic study of the reduction reaction of red mud and CO under fluidization condition

Kong,

Zhou,

Wang

et al. 2024

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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Pyrometallurgical method of iron recovery from red mud (RM) has advantages of simple procedures, high recovery efficiency and significant waste minimization. The fluidization reduction process using CO as reductant addresses the issues of high energy consumption and long reaction time of pyrometallurgical method. In order to optimize the operational conditions of the fluidization reduction process, it is necessary to study the reaction characteristics of RM and CO under fluidization condition. In response to the problems of the current kinetic study including the unsatisfied fluidization condition and possible errors introduced by the estimation method, we carried out improvements in both experiment and data processing. In the experiment aspect, thermo‐gravimetric analyzer (TGA) test rig with large sample capacity and gas flow was established, and approximate fluidization condition was achieved by intensifying diffusion by increasing the gas flow rate and decreasing the sample mass. In the data processing aspect, we developed a program with data cleaning and kinetic function fitting capabilities, and the goodness of fit was evaluated by Akaike information criterion (AIC). The results indicated that within the temperature range of 500–600°C and CO concentrations of 5%–15%, the reaction between RM and CO can be divided into two steps based on the criterion of complete formation of Fe3O4. The first step reaction has a relatively fast reaction rate, conforming to the F1 kinetic function with rate equation given as . The second step reaction displays a more complex pattern and the fitted rate equation is . The obtained results could provide a reliable reference for the operational design of the fluidization reduction of RM.

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“…At present, numerous investigations have been carried out on the recovery of iron from high-iron red mud. The methods can be summarized as physical separation, reduction roasting–magnetic separation, and acid leaching, mainly including high-intensity magnetic separation, gravity separation, reduction smelting method, reduction roasting–magnetic separation method, and acid leaching [ 15 ]. The physical separation processes are simple, clean, and environmentally friendly, and their operational costs are low compared to other methods such as the pyrometallurgical process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Magnetization Roasting Kinetics of High-Iron and Low-Silicon Red Mud

Xie,

Hao,

et al. 2023

Materials

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High-iron and low-silicon red mud is not only an alkaline solid waste from Bayer process alumina production, but it is also a very important secondary iron resource. Magnetization roasting is considered as an effective and typical method for the iron recovery and removal of impurities in red mud. In this work, based on the characteristics of large specific surface area and high porosity of red mud, the kinetics of magnetization roasting and phase transformation of red mud were studied. Thermodynamic analysis results show that the reduction of iron oxide in red mud is more easily promoted by CO as reducing agent at low roasting temperature. The reduction reaction is prone to overreduction, and fayalite and ferrospinel can be formed in the reaction system. The phase transformation and iron reduction mechanism during the roasting process were evaluated. Most of hematite and goethite in the red mud decomposed in the process of magnetization roasting, released CO2, and transformed into strongly magnetic magnetite. The reaction process has some characteristics controlled by homogeneous reaction. The process of magnetization roasting reduction with CO was controlled by the hybrid control dynamics model, and the apparent activation energy was 38.31 kJ·mol−1.

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Iron Recovery Technology of Red Mud—A review

Cited by 9 publications

References 54 publications

Mapping the research landscape of bauxite by-products (red mud): An evolutionary perspective from 1995 to 2022

Mapping the research landscape of bauxite by-products (red mud): An evolutionary perspective from 1995 to 2022

Kinetic study of the reduction reaction of red mud and CO under fluidization condition

Study on Magnetization Roasting Kinetics of High-Iron and Low-Silicon Red Mud

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