Iron status in athletes involved in intense physical activity

Ehn, Lars; Carlmark, B; Höglund, S

doi:10.1249/00005768-198021000-00012

Cited by 133 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…Low iferritin concentrations and depleted iron stores have been found in both men and women mnners (5,41,106,1163). Poor iron status has adso been observed in women athletes competing in many o~beh sports (35,59,147,132,136,138).…”

Section: Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation to Athletes

Haymes

1991

International Journal of Sport Nutrition

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Vitamin and mineral supplements are frequently used by competitive and recreational athletes. Dietary deficiencies of most vitamins are not very common among athletes except in those who restrict their food intake in order to maintain body weight. Vitamins most likely to be deficient in the diet are folate, B,, B,,, and E. Biochemical evidence of vitamin deficiencies in some athletes have been reported for thiamine, riboflavin, and B,. When the diet is deficient, vitamin supplements may improve performance but are not likely to be effective if the dietary intake is adequate. Some female athletes' diets are low in calcium, iron, and zinc. Low calcium intake may reduce peak bone mass in young women. Iron deficiency may impair performance and needs to be corrected with an iron supplement. Zinc supplements that exceed the RDA interfere with the absorption of copper and lower HDLcholesterol.The use of vitamin and mineral supplements by athletes is widespread, especially in the United States. According to recent surveys of supplement use among athletes, more than 50% of elite women distance runners, nonelite women marathon runners and triathletes, and Ironman triathletes of both sexes consume vitamin and mineral supplements regularly (22,32,76,109,164). Thirty percent of nonelite men competing in marathons and triathlons report daily use of vitamin and mineral supplements (109, 164). Use of vitamin supplements is also prevalent among high school and college athletes-56% of males and 33% of females (1 18 In competitive events where the difference between winning and losing is measured in seconds or even a fraction of a second, poor nutrition could have a negative effect. Many athletes take vitamin and mineral supplements to ensure adequate nutrient intake. Other athletes believe that certain vitamins or minerals have ergogenic properties that will improve performance. In this review we will examine whether athletes need additional vitamins and minerals. There are three primary reasons why supplementing the diet with specific vitamins and/or minerals might be beneficial to athletes: (a) The athlete's diet is deficient in one or Emily M. Haymes is with the

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Section: Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation to Athletes

Haymes

1991

International Journal of Sport Nutrition

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“…Recently, one-third of recreational female athletes have been reported to have iron deWciency (Di Santolo et al 2008). Mean absorption of a standard test dose of ferrous sulfate in runners also provided conXicting results (Ehn et al 1980;Nachtigall et al 1996). Schumacher et al (2002) reported an increase in serum ferritin concentrations after a 45-min constant speed running test at 70% VO 2 max, but attributed this variation mainly to exerciseinduced changes in plasma and blood volume.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Daily regulation of serum and urinary hepcidin is not influenced by submaximal cycling exercise in humans with normal iron metabolism

et al. 2009

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Hepcidin and hemojuvelin (HJV) are two critical regulators of iron metabolism as indicated by the development of major iron overload associated to mutations in hepcidin and HJV genes. Hepcidin and HJV are highly expressed in liver and muscles, respectively. Intensive muscular exercise has been reported to modify serum iron parameters and to increase hepcidinuria. The present study aimed at evaluating the potential impact of low intensity muscle exercise on iron metabolism and on hepcidin, its key regulator. Fourteen normal volunteers underwent submaximal cycling-based exercise in a crossover design and various iron parameters, including serum and urinary hepcidin, were serially studied. The results demonstrated that submaximal ergocycle endurance exercise did not modulate hepcidin. This study also indicated that hepcidinuria did not show any daily variation whereas serum hepcidin did. The findings, by demonstrating that hepcidin concentrations are not influenced by submaximal cycling exercise, may have implications for hepcidin sampling in medical practice.

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“…14) Anemia is often observed in athletes, especially endurance athletes, and this is commonly called sports anemia. The possible causes of sports anemia range from simple ones, such as lack of sufficient nourishment (iron or protein), 15) to hemolysis due to the impact running or landing after a jump, breakdown of red blood cells due to increased blood flow during heavy exercise, the release of hemolytic factors (lysolecithin and so on) from the spleen, 16) increased red cell membrane fragility due to insufficient oxygen, 17) and loss of iron in sweat, 18) urine, and stools. 19) In particular, female long distance runners who are menstruating and controlling their weight strictly can easily develop sports anemia.…”

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confidence: 99%