Iron, zinc, and manganese intake among elementary schoolchildren aged 6 to 11 years in South Korea

Choi, Mi‐Kyeong; Kang, Myung‐Hwa; Bae, Yun‐Jung

doi:10.5414/tex01284

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…Population intake data often show zinc intakes above the UL, especially for young children. Recent studies show the following populations consume amounts above the UL: over 78% of South Korean children ages 6–11; 68% of infants, 47% of toddlers, and 72% of preschoolers in the United States; 9% of Irish preschool children; and 42–59% of Canadian children ages 1–3 years. In a survey of over 3000 preschool children in Brazil, the mean intake was 9.3–9.8 mg/day (the mean UL for this age group is approximately 7 mg) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excess micronutrient intake: defining toxic effects and upper limits in vulnerable populations

Pike

Zlotkin

2018

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Excessive micronutrient intake causes a variety of adverse health effects, depending on dose and duration. The risk of excess intake carries significant implications for micronutrient delivery interventions, particularly when such programs are overlapping. To minimize risk and provide public health guidance, several countries and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization have set upper intake levels (ULs) for various life‐stage populations using the risk assessment framework. However, there is a lack of international consensus on the actual ULs due to variability in application of this framework and a scarcity of evidence from which to draw upon, especially for children. Often ULs for children are established through a downward weight‐based extrapolation from adult ULs, which is not always appropriate. The published ULs of nine organizations are compared, recent population nutrient intake evidence is presented, and the toxic effects of key minerals and vitamins are reviewed. Finally, the evidence for toxicity and setting of ULs for each nutrient is discussed including a comment on our degree of confidence in the strength of existing individual ULs. Challenges with risk assessment and opportunities for strengthening the definition of ULs are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%