Irradiation as a Phytosanitary Treatment for Fresh Horticultural Commodities: Research and Regulations

Follett, Peter A.; Griffin, Ronald C.

doi:10.1002/9780470277638.ch9

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The United States is recommending a 150 Gy irradiation dose for tephritids on the basis of information from 17 quarantine species in four genera (Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, and Rhagoletis) (33,41,54). New Zealand is proposing generic doses of 150 Gy for tephritid fruit flies, 250 Gy for other insects, and 300 Gy for mites of tropical fruits exported from Australia (18).…”

Section: Generic Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Japan irradiates potatoes for sprouting control but does not permit the import of irradiated produce or other food products. The European Commission allows irradiation of spices, herbs, and vegetable seasonings by members of the European Union but prohibits the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary measure (33).…”

Section: Universal Acceptance Of Quarantine Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Monte Carlo simulations estimate that the number of treated insects needed during large-scale testing with no survivors increases from 30,000 (99.99% mortality at the 95% confidence level) to 33,500 when survival is reduced from 100% to 90% in a small-scale control test with 100 insects (M. Powell, personal communication). If the size of the control test is 5000 insects with 90% survival, 33,000 insects must be tested. When control survival is decreased to 60% with 5000 insects, the number of treated insects with no survivors must be increased to approximately 50,000 individuals.…”

Section: Probit 9 and Alternative Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current Trends in Quarantine Entomology

Follett

Neven

2006

Annu. Rev. Entomol.

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270

164

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Key Words quarantine pests, phytosanitary measures, probit 9 alternatives, generic treatments, systems approach ■ Abstract With world trade in agricultural commodities increasing, the introduction of exotic insects into new areas where they become pests will increase. The development and application of quarantine treatments or other mitigation approaches to prevent pest introduction in traded commodities raise many research and regulatory issues. The probit 9 standard for quarantine treatment efficacy has given way to riskbased alternatives. Varietal testing may have merit for some treatments or commodities but not for others. Development of generic treatments to control broad groups of insects or insects in all commodities can expedite new trade in agricultural products. Area-wide pest management programs lower pest levels before harvest and improve the quarantine security provided by any postharvest treatments. Systems approaches capitalize on cumulative pest mortality from multiple control components to achieve quarantine security in an exported commodity. Certain quarantine treatment technologies such as irradiation are not universally accepted, which is slowing their adoption. Standardized phytosanitary measures and research protocols are needed to improve the flow of information when countries propose to trade in a regulated commodity.

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Section: Generic Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Universal Acceptance Of Quarantine Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Probit 9 and Alternative Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current Trends in Quarantine Entomology

Follett

Neven

2006

Annu. Rev. Entomol.

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270

164

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“…Radio-tolerance can vary among the life stages of an insect [2], and between taxonomic groups of insects. Unlike other disinfestation techniques, irradiation does not need to kill the pest immediately to provide quarantine security, and therefore live (but sterile or not viable) insects may occur with the exported commodity [3]. The goal of a quarantine treatment is to prevent reproduction, and therefore the required response for a radiation treatment may be prevention of adult emergence [4], induction of adult sterility [5], or F 1 sterility [6,7].…”

Section: Low-dose Radiation Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Irradiation is an approved treatment to control quarantine pests in 17 fruits and 7 vegetables for export from Hawaii to the US mainland [3,10]. During the past 5 years, India, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa, Thailand, South Africa and Vietnam and have received approvals to export fruits to the US using generic radiation treatments.…”

Section: Trade Facilitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytosanitary irradiation for export of fresh produce: commercial adoption in Hawaii and current issues

Follett

Wall

2012

J Radioanal Nucl Chem

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Hawaii is a pioneer in the use of phytosanitary irradiation. Irradiation is an approved treatment to control quarantine insect pests in 17 fruits and 7 vegetables for export from Hawaii to the US mainland. The commercial X-ray irradiation facility, Hawaii Pride LLC, has been shipping tropical fruits and vegetables to the US mainland using irradiation since 2000. Hawaiian purple sweet potato is the highest volume product with annual exports of more than 12 million lbs (5,500 tonnes). The advent of generic radiation treatments for tephritid fruit flies (150 Gy) and other insects (400 Gy) has accelerated commodity export approvals and facilitated adoption by foreign trading partners. Current impediments to wider adoption include the labeling requirement, the 1 kGy limit for fresh horticultural products, and non-acceptance of phytosanitary irradiation in Japan and the European Union. USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has restricted the use of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) for irradiated fresh fruits exported to the US due to possible increased radiotolerance in the target insects. Data are presented for response of melon fly in papaya to several types of MAP with radiation treatment at 45-65 Gy. Low oxygen atmospheres can increase insect radio-tolerance, but the effect is dependent on oxygen concentration and radiation dose.

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