Irregular Migration: Causes, Patterns, and Strategies

Castles, Stephen; Cubas, Magdalena Arias; Kim, Chulhyo; Ozkul, Derya

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4110-2_9

Cited by 39 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Permanent/long term migration, such as movement of skilled migrants, for example doctors, nurses, lecturers, engineers, scientists and technologists from Ghana and Nigeria (higher transmission countries) to South Africa (a relatively lower transmission country) [32,53] may result in imported infections through symptomatic and asymptomatic parasite carriers. Periodic/seasonal migration of Indian labourers to the Middle East [54] threaten imported infections if an individual travels home and is susceptible to infection. Short term/return travellers (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human movement data for malaria control and elimination strategic planning

Pindolia

García

Wesolowski

et al. 2012

Malar J

132

161

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Recent increases in funding for malaria control have led to the reduction in transmission in many malaria endemic countries, prompting the national control programmes of 36 malaria endemic countries to set elimination targets. Accounting for human population movement (HPM) in planning for control, elimination and post-elimination surveillance is important, as evidenced by previous elimination attempts that were undermined by the reintroduction of malaria through HPM. Strategic control and elimination planning, therefore, requires quantitative information on HPM patterns and the translation of these into parasite dispersion. HPM patterns and the risk of malaria vary substantially across spatial and temporal scales, demographic and socioeconomic sub-groups, and motivation for travel, so multiple data sets are likely required for quantification of movement. While existing studies based on mobile phone call record data combined with malaria transmission maps have begun to address within-country HPM patterns, other aspects remain poorly quantified despite their importance in accurately gauging malaria movement patterns and building control and detection strategies, such as cross-border HPM, demographic and socioeconomic stratification of HPM patterns, forms of transport, personal malaria protection and other factors that modify malaria risk. A wealth of data exist to aid filling these gaps, which, when combined with spatial data on transport infrastructure, traffic and malaria transmission, can answer relevant questions to guide strategic planning. This review aims to (i) discuss relevant types of HPM across spatial and temporal scales, (ii) document where datasets exist to quantify HPM, (iii) highlight where data gaps remain and (iv) briefly put forward methods for integrating these datasets in a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework for analysing and modelling human population and Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection movements.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human movement data for malaria control and elimination strategic planning

Pindolia

García

Wesolowski

et al. 2012

Malar J

132

161

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“…While the US and EU have responded to irregular migration through increasing investment in the border security apparatus, migrant-led border industries have evolved to counter increasing barriers to mobility, using smuggling 4 as a means to facilitate the irregular entry. Smuggling is a mechanism by which migrants seek to circumvent the efforts of the state to control mobility, with the act itself often motivated by both notions of help and profit and can be viewed as an emergent form of labour in the neoliberal economic system as a response to the exclusion from formal economic processes and state markets (Castles et al 2012;Sanchez 2016). Serving as a reply and reformation of the illegality imposed on migrants by the state, smuggling shifts the conceptualization of labour and community formation processes tied to efforts to survive in the neoliberal economic system.…”

Section: Migrant Border Industry and The Contestation Of Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bordering Through ‘Crisis’

Gordon¹

2020

mmd

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This article engages with the development and expansion of border industries in the global North. Recently, the state-led industries have grown in response to the rising number of irregular migrants contesting the borders of the global North. Situated within the constructed narrative of ‘crisis’, border industries are both materially and discursively produced as a direct response to the perceived threat of irregular migrant populations. The article interrogates the development of border industries from both the state and migrant perspectives. The purpose of the article is to examine not only the emergence of these border industries but to highlight the detrimental and deadly impact they continue to have on migrant journeys, ensuring the continuation of the structural and direct violence of borders. The development of these industries, particularly from the state-led perspective, is indicative of the violent, exclusionary practice and enactment of borders. The paper adds to the calls for rethinking bordering practices while simultaneously challenging the perpetuation and continuation of a hegemonic global apartheid regime constructed through state bordering practices in the global North.

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“…Certainly Syrian migrants have some problem with identified as refugee within Turkish migration policies which have no acceptance of people as refugees from non-European countries, decided in The 1951 Refugee Convention Geneva. [5] Although she signed The 1969 Protocol, she has no room for improvements of geographical restrictions for definition of refugee. Turkey defines Syrians under the term temporary protected status which is originated in USA migration policies for p eople of countries which civil war is going on.…”

Section: The Flow Of Immigrants To Turkey and Legal Status Of Themmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whether Turkey is a really safe haven henceforward for both Turkish and Syrians

Dirsehan

2015

2015 UBT International Conference

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Turkey as a safe haven has been welcoming of more than two millions Syrian people without any ethnic or sectarian discrimination for four years. State institutions have spent nearly 6 billion dollars to set a life for asylum seekers in the best refugee camps and without any notable support of United Nations and other external agencies and countries. However, out of the camps, life and safety conditions of especially lower class Syrian people have been getting worse day by day because of security related problems emerging between citizens and Syrian asylum seekers, even in the border cities where local people have more cultural values in common with Syrian community. Actually, % 54 of Syrian population in Turkey is under 18; publicly in city centres local people have faced with many of these children as beggars, who have been considered as a minor threat for public with their harassing style. By a projection of ten years after, those children who are now canalized in begging groups at the streets, could be exactly predicted as being integrated in criminal gangs; they may easily commit crimes (drug use and sell, pick pocketing, robbing, pandering, harassment, rape, injury, murder etc.) in public, unless they are integrated in society as valuable individuals for social capital of Turkey. An approach for social policy of integration is a proposal for potential conflict resolution in future of Turkey societal security. This study aims at pondering on case of begging Syrian children, who have been far from education for four years and they have been still not enrolled in a formal education. This potential threat for societal security transforms Turkey from haven to hell for both Turkish and Syrians without any institutional enterprises understanding of social capital and integration policy need for security of society.

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Irregular Migration: Causes, Patterns, and Strategies

Cited by 39 publications

References 26 publications

Human movement data for malaria control and elimination strategic planning

Human movement data for malaria control and elimination strategic planning

Bordering Through ‘Crisis’

Whether Turkey is a really safe haven henceforward for both Turkish and Syrians

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