A stt]dy was made of ihe responses of four upland soil-and vegeiation-types to applied lime and phosphate in the norlh of Scotland. Light and heavy dressings were used, the former at a rate which might be economically considered for aircraft application. Two experiments were laid down on graminaceous communities and iwo on contrasting types of Callunetum. The low rale of lime produced little measurable soil response, whereas the high rale induced marked and persistent effects. In terms of botanical response, however, the high rale of liming showed little advantage over the low rate in the presence of phosphate at the two grassland sites. Only very minor vegetation effects were observed at the f'«////«« eenttxs. particularly where the community was in Ihe mature stage. The results emphasize the importance of an ecological approach to upland pasture improvement, involving a knowledge of the specific responses of different plant communities to fertilizer application, combined with an appropriate measure of stock control.