Irritants and Corrosives

Tovar, Richard; Leikin, Jerrold B.

doi:10.1016/j.emc.2014.09.009

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Alkali agents with pH levels greater than 12 are highly corrosive and it is widely documented that they cause liquefactive burns and necrosis [ 27 , 40 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caustic Ingestion in the Elderly: Influence of Age on Clinical Outcome

et al. 2017

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Caustic poisonings are still associated with many fatalities. Studies focusing on the elderly are rare. The purpose of the present study was to compare the clinical outcomes of caustic ingestion injury in elderly and non-elderly adults with regard to gender, intent of exposure, substance ingested, severity of mucosal injury, complications, and mortality. Caustic substance exposures reported to the National Toxicological Information Centre in Slovakia during 1998–2015 were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups: the non-elderly (<60 years) and elderly adults (≥60 years). The mortality rate in the elderly was significantly higher (elderly 23.0% vs. non-elderly 11.3%; p = 0.041). The risk of fatal outcome in the elderly was increased by acid ingestion (OR = 7.822; p = 0.002), particularly hydrochloric acid (OR = 5.714, p = 0.006). The incidence of respiratory complications was almost two times higher in the elderly was 31.1% vs. 17.4% for the non-elderly (p = 0.037). Respiratory complications significantly correlated with an increased mortality rate (p = 0.001) in the elderly whereas there was no association between GI complications and mortality in the elderly (p = 0.480). Elderly patients with respiratory complications had the poorest clinical outcomes. The highest risk of complications and fatalities was observed in patients after hydrochloric acid ingestion.

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“…Alkali agents with pH levels greater than 12 are highly corrosive and it is widely documented that they cause liquefactive burns and necrosis [ 27 , 40 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caustic Ingestion in the Elderly: Influence of Age on Clinical Outcome

et al. 2017

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“…In addition to damage to the eyes, substances causing corrosion or irritation (H314, H315 and H319/H320) or considered damaging to the eyes (H318) present a hazard in the event of local skin contact or inhalation uptake, because they can damage the skin or the mucous membranes in the respiratory tract (Tovar and Leikin, 2015). These H statements do not describe a systemic health effect caused by percutaneous absorption, so hazard band n.a.…”

Section: Corrosion and Irritation; Harm To The Eyesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Hazard banding in compliance with the new Globally Harmonised System (GHS) for use in control banding tools

Arnone

Koppisch

Smola

et al. 2015

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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“…Decontamination includes copious water irrigation of the skin and eyes; management is mainly supportive, but the risk of delayed pulmonary injury remains for 24 hours. 36 The Assad regime in Syria has used chlorine gas against civilians, causing at least 1 pediatric death. 2,37 Choking Agents…”

Section: Irritants (Corrosives)mentioning

confidence: 99%