Is Biological Sound Production Important in the Deep Sea?

Rountree, Rodney A.; Juanes, Francis; Goudey, Clifford A.; Ekstrom, K. E.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7311-5_41

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Fish sounds are unknown at great depths (mid or deep continental slope to the abyss), and research in this field has been largely neglected since the pioneering work of NB Marshall in the 1960s (Marshall, 1962(Marshall, , 1967. A potential fish sound, localized at about 700 m (Mann and Jarvis, 2004), provides an indication of how little is known (Rountree et al, 2012;Wall et al, 2014) although numerous fish sounds have been recorded in shallow water (Fish and Mowbray, 1970;Lobel et al, 2010). Marshall focused on anatomy of fishes with muscles attached to the swimbladder and indicated that two families, the Macrouridae (grenadiers or rattails) and the Ophidiidae (cusk-eels), are the major sonic groups on the continental slope.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and sexual dimorphism of the sonic system in three deep-sea neobythitine fishes and comparisons between upper mid and lower continental slope

Fine

Ali

Nguyen

et al. 2018

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

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Based on morphology, NB Marshall identified cusk-eels (family Ophidiidae) as one of the chief sound-producing groups on the continental slope. Due to food scarcity, we hypothesized that sonic systems will be reduced at great depths despite their potential importance in sexual reproduction. We examined this hypothesis in the cuskeel subfamily Neobythitinae by comparing sonic morphology in Atlantic species from the upper-mid (Dicrolene intronigra) and deeper continental slope (Porogadus miles and Bathyonus pectoralis) with three Taiwanese species previously described from the upper slope (Hoplobrotula armatus, Neobythites longipes and N. unimaculatus). In all six species, medial muscles are heavier in males than in females. Dicrolene has four pairs of sonic muscles similar to the shallow Pacific species, suggesting neobythitine sonic anatomy is conservative and sufficient food exists to maintain a well-developed system at depths exceeding 1 km. The sonic system in Porogadus and Bathyonus was reduced to a single pair of ventral medial muscles that connects to a smaller and thinner swimbladder via a long tendon. Small muscle fiber diameters, a likely indicator of rapid contraction, were present in males of five of the species. However, in Bathyonus, the deepest species (pale coloration, reduced eye size, shorter sonic muscles and longer tendons), muscle fibers were larger suggesting an adaptation to facilitate rapid bladder movement for sound production while using slower contractions and less metabolic energy. The six species separate into three groups in length-weight regressions: the three upper slope species have the greatest weights per unit length, Dicrolene is lower, and the two deep species are further reduced consistent with the hypothesis that food limitation affects sonic anatomy at great depths.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and sexual dimorphism of the sonic system in three deep-sea neobythitine fishes and comparisons between upper mid and lower continental slope

Fine

Ali

Nguyen

et al. 2018

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

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“…Most deep-sea species generally only experience low-levels of noise, such that anthropogenic noise, particularly if occurring on a non-stop basis, will substantially increase ambient sound levels (Bashir et al, 2012). Studies on deep sea fish reveal that some species communicate using low sound frequencies (<1.2 kHz; Rountree et al, 2011) and it is thought that other benthic species may use sensitive acoustic systems to detect food falls up to 100 m away (Stocker, 2002). Anthropogenic noise is known to impact a number of fish species and marine mammals by inducing behavior changes, masking communication, and causing temporary threshold-shifts in hearing or permanent damage depending on the species, type of noise and received level (Gomez et al, 2016;Nedelec et al, 2017).…”

Section: Increased Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Seabed Mining Including the Current State of Development, Environmental Impacts, and Knowledge Gaps

et al. 2018

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Rising demand for minerals and metals, including for use in the technology sector, has led to a resurgence of interest in exploration of mineral resources located on the seabed. Such resources, whether seafloor massive (polymetallic) sulfides around hydrothermal vents, cobalt-rich crusts (CRCs) on the flanks of seamounts or fields of manganese (polymetallic) nodules on the abyssal plains, cannot be considered in isolation of the distinctive, in some cases unique, assemblages of marine species associated with the same habitats and structures. In addition to mineral deposits, there is interest in extracting methane from gas hydrates on continental slopes and rises. Many of the regions identified for future seabed mining are already recognized as vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs). Since its inception in 1982, the International Seabed Authority (ISA), charged with regulating human activities on the deep-sea floor beyond the continental shelf, has issued 27 contracts for mineral exploration, encompassing a combined area of more than 1.4 million km 2 , and continues to develop rules for commercial mining. At the same time, some seabed mining operations are already taking place within continental shelf areas of nation states, generally at relatively shallow depths, and with others at advanced stages of planning. The first commercial enterprise, expected to target mineral-rich sulfides in deeper waters, at depths between 1,500 and 2,000 m on the continental shelf of Papua New Guinea, is scheduled to begin early in 2019. In this review, we explore three broad aspects relating to the exploration and exploitation of seabed mineral resources: (1) the current state of development of such activities in areas both within and beyond national jurisdictions, (2) possible environmental impacts both close to and more distant from mining activities and (3) the uncertainties and gaps in scientific knowledge and understanding which render baseline and impact assessments particularly difficult for the deep sea. We also consider whether there are alternative approaches to the management of existing mineral reserves and resources, which may reduce incentives for seabed mining.

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“…80 This is especially true in the deep sea, where fish sounds have rarely been studied despite the fact that many species possess sonic muscles presumably used in vocalization. 81,82 Although many fishes and invertebrates do not produce purposeful sounds, it is important to understand that incidental sound production may occur upon physiological and behavioral activity (e.g., specific swimming and feeding mode sounds). Those acoustic marks can be used to assess the presence of individuals for a certain species and are therefore being incorporated into PAM monitoring procedures.…”

Section: Roadmap For the Monitoring Of Ecosystem Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%