Is every-day walking in older adults more analogous to dual-task walking or to usual walking? Elucidating the gaps between gait performance in the lab and during 24/7 monitoring

Abstract

Background The traditional evaluation of gait in the laboratory during structured testing has provided important insights, but is limited by its “snapshot” character and observation in an unnatural environment. Wearables enable monitoring of gait in real-world environments over a week. Initial findings show that in-lab and real-world measures differ. As a step towards better understanding these gaps, we directly compared in-lab usual-walking (UW) and dual-task walking (DTW) to daily-living measures of gait. Methods In-lab gait features (e.g., gait speed, step regularity, and stride regularity) derived from UW and DTW were compared to the same gait features during daily-living in 150 elderly fallers (age: 76.5 ± 6.3 years, 37.6% men). In both settings, features were extracted from a lower-back accelerometer. In the real-world setting, subjects were asked to wear the device for 1 week and pre-processing detected 30-s daily-living walking bouts. A histogram of all walking bouts was determined for each walking feature for each subject and then each subject’s typical (percentile 50, median), worst (percentile 10) and the best (percentile 90) values over the week were determined for each feature. Statistics of reliability were assessed using Intra-Class correlations and Bland-Altman plots. Results As expected, in-lab gait speed, step regularity, and stride regularity were worse during DTW, compared to UW. In-lab gait speed, step regularity, and stride regularity during UW were significantly higher (i.e., better) than the typical daily-living values ( p < 0.001) and different ( p < 0.001) from the worst and best values. DTW values tended to be similar to typical daily-living values ( p = 0.205, p = 0.053, p = 0.013 respectively). ICC assessment and Bland-Altman plots indicated that in-lab values do not reliably reflect the daily-walking values. Conclusions Gait values measured during relatively long (30-s) daily-living walking bouts are more similar to the corresponding values obtained in the lab during dual-task walking, as compared to usual walking. Still, gait performance during most daily-living walking bouts is worse than that measured during usual and dual-tasking in the lab. The values measured in the lab do not reliably reflect daily-living measures. That is, an older adult’s typical daily-living gait cannot be estimated by simply measuring walking in a structured, laboratory setting.

Absent Arm Swing and Dual Tasking Decreases Trunk Postural Control and Dynamic Balance in People With Parkinson's Disease

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“…First, we did not obtain factors representing gait asymmetry or variability, which may have been related to the low number of gait parameters related to those domains that were initially entered into factor analysis. We were therefore limited in our conclusions regarding the potential value of variability or 13 asymmetry measures for clinical evaluation of individuals with knee or hip OA. Second, five gait parameters that could have contained valuable information were removed from further analysis due to sampling inadequacy (KMO value < 0.5).…”

“…In addition to straight-ahead level walking, turning and dual task performance have been shown to be of importance for daily life walking in elderly populations [9][10][11] . These two aspects are generally overlooked in the literature regarding individuals with OA, but are meaningful to daily life 12,13 . Turning is a common cause of falling in community dwelling elderly, and may be more sensitive to sensorimotor impairments than straight-ahead gait 11,14 .…”

Validation of IMU-Based Gait Event Detection During Curved Walking and Turning in Older Adults and Parkinson's Disease Patients

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