Is Face Age Mapped Asymmetrically onto Space? Insights from a SNARC-like Task

Dalmaso, Mario; Vicovaro, Michele

doi:10.3390/sym13091617

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…As for the distance effect, its reliable presence in all three experiments indicates that face age was processed and mentally represented along a spatial continuum. These results replicate and extend what was reported by Dalmaso and Vicovaro (2021), showing that this pattern can be detected even when a single face is used. Turning to the STEARC effect, on the one hand, the spatial representations of face age emerging from Experiment 1 (i.e., from left to right) and Experiment 2 (i.e., from back to front) are consistent with a relatively established literature on the STEARC effect (see, e.g., Rinaldi et al., 2016; Vallesi et al., 2008).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The present work also extends what was reported by Dalmaso and Vicovaro (2021) and suggests that the use of a single face varying in age, although it reduces the generalizability of the results, appears to be a key factor for the emergence of STEARC effects. It is highly likely that the use of a single face may have helped participants to focus specifically on the age dimension rather than the identity dimension.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Consistent with previous studies on the representation of time along this axis (e.g., Rinaldi et al., 2016; Torralbo et al., 2006), we expected to observe a back‐to‐front spatial representation of face age. A distance effect was expected as well, in line with Experiment 1 and with previous studies (e.g., Dalmaso & Vicovaro, 2021).…”

Section: Experiments 2: Face Age Representation Along the Sagittal Axissupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Finally, in line with the previous two experiments and other studies (e.g., Dalmaso & Vicovaro, 2021), a distance effect was expected to emerge.…”

Section: Experiments 3: Face Age Representation Along the Vertical Axissupporting

confidence: 87%

“…First, the statistically significant interaction between age category and response side confirmed the presence of a STEARC effect, with a left‐to‐right spatial representation of face age (see also, e.g., Boroditsky et al., 2011). Second, a distance effect emerged (Dalmaso & Vicovaro, 2021). Taken together, these results suggest that face age can be mapped onto space and that its spatial mapping arranges in a similar way compared to other time‐related stimuli (Miles et al., 2011; Santiago & Lakens, 2015; Vallesi et al., 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Face Age is Mapped Into Three‐Dimensional Space

Dalmaso,

Pileggi,

Vicovaro

2023

Cognitive Science

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People can represent temporal stimuli (e.g., pictures depicting past and future events) as spatially connoted dimensions arranged along the three main axes (horizontal, sagittal, and vertical). For example, past and future events are generally represented, from the perspective of the individuals, as being placed behind and in front of them, respectively. Here, we report that such a 3D representation can also emerge for facial stimuli of different ages. In three experiments, participants classified a central target face, representing an individual at different age stages, as younger or older than the reference face of 40 years. Manual responses were provided with two keys placed along the horizontal axis (Experiment 1), the sagittal axis (Experiment 2), and the vertical axis (Experiment 3). The results indicated that the younger faces were represented on the left/back/top side of the space, whereas the older faces were represented on the right/forward/bottom side of the space. Furthermore, in all experiments, the latencies decreased with the absolute difference between the age of the target face and that of the reference face (i.e., a distance effect). Overall, this work suggests that the spatial representation of time includes social features of the human face.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Experiments 2: Face Age Representation Along the Sagittal Axissupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Finally, in line with the previous two experiments and other studies (e.g., Dalmaso & Vicovaro, 2021), a distance effect was expected to emerge.…”

Section: Experiments 3: Face Age Representation Along the Vertical Axissupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Face Age is Mapped Into Three‐Dimensional Space

Dalmaso,

Pileggi,

Vicovaro

2023

Cognitive Science

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When time stands upright: STEARC effects along the vertical axis

Dalmaso

Schnapper

Vicovaro

2022

Psychological Research

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According to the spatial–temporal association of response codes (STEARC) effect, time can be spatially represented from left to right. However, exploration of a possible STEARC effect along the vertical axis has yielded mixed results. Here, in six experiments based on a novel paradigm, we systematically explored whether a STEARC effect could emerge when participants were asked to classify the actual temporal duration of a visual stimulus. Speeded manual responses were provided using a vertically oriented response box. Interestingly, although a top-to-bottom time representation emerged when only two temporal durations were employed, an inverted bottom-to-top time representation emerged when a denser set of temporal durations, arranged along a continuum, was used. Moreover, no STEARC effects emerged when participants classified the shapes of visual stimuli rather than their temporal duration. Finally, three additional experiments explored the STEARC effect along the horizontal axis, confirming that the paradigm we devised successfully replicated the standard left-to-right representation of time. These results provide supporting evidence for the notion that temporal durations can be mapped along the vertical axis, and that such mapping appears to be relatively flexible.

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Cross-cultural evidence of a space-ethnicity association in face categorisation

2022

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According to a space-valence association, individuals tend to relate negatively- and positively-connoted stimuli with the left and right side of space, respectively. So far, only a few studies have explored whether this phenomenon can also emerge for social dimensions associated with facial stimuli. Here, we adopted a cross-cultural approach and conducted two experiments with the main aim to test whether a left–right space-valence association can also emerge for other- vs. own-race faces. Asian Japanese (Experiment 1) and White Italian (Experiment 2) participants engaged in a speeded binary classification task in which a central placed face had to be classified as either Asian or White. Manual responses were provided through a left- vs. right-side button. In both experiments, other-race faces elicited faster responses than own-race faces, in line with the well-documented other-race categorisation advantage. Moreover, evidence of an association between space and ethnic membership also arose and, interestingly, was similar in both groups. Indeed, Asian faces were responded to faster with the right-side key than with the left-side key, whereas response side had no effect for White faces. These results are discussed with regard to possible cross-cultural differences in group perception.

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Is Face Age Mapped Asymmetrically onto Space? Insights from a SNARC-like Task

Cited by 9 publications

References 57 publications

Face Age is Mapped Into Three‐Dimensional Space

Face Age is Mapped Into Three‐Dimensional Space

When time stands upright: STEARC effects along the vertical axis

Cross-cultural evidence of a space-ethnicity association in face categorisation

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