Is Helicobacter Pylori a Reason for Unexplained Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a worldwide public health problem affecting millions, with developing nations accruing a significant disease burden. Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) has been proposed in many studies as a causative factor for unexplained iron deficiency anemia. In this systematic review, we searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect to come up with five cross-sectional studies and five Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), which evaluated the association between H. pylori and unexplained iron deficiency anemia and the response of IDA to anti- H. pylori therapy. H. pylori eradication therapy included triple therapy (proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin, amoxicillin) or quadruple therapy (proton pump inhibitor, bismuth, metronidazole, tetracycline) for 10-14 days. Quadruple therapy was used if there is a penicillin allergy or a local antibiotic resistance level of more than 15% to clarithromycin. The cross-sectional studies concluded that H. pylori infection was associated with low serum ferritin levels. The RCTs confirmed that H. pylori are associated with iron deficiency anemia by demonstrating improvement in markers of iron status (ferritin, hemoglobin, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), serum transferrin receptor levels) with H. pylori eradication therapy. In a nutshell, this systematic review concludes that H. pylori testing and treatment must be considered as a differential diagnosis of unexplained IDA in all age groups and serves as a benchmark for more randomized clinical trials to prove causation.

A Massive Renal Infarction Due to Atheroemboli: A Case Report

“…Renal infarction can result from various factors such as coagulation disorders, vasculitis, connective tissue diseases, valvular endocarditis, atherosclerosis of the renal artery or aorta, smoking, and trauma. It can also be caused by aeroembolism [ 6 ]. We are testing to determine the event's cause, but the results thus far have not provided any clear answers.…”

“…To diagnose embolic renal infarctions, a renal biopsy may be needed. This procedure has a success rate of over 75% in detecting other emboli, but only 12% of cases are currently diagnosed correctly and promptly [ 6 ]. The biopsy may show bi-convex or needle-shaped defects, or "ghosts," and reveal significant vascular intimal inflammation, eosinophilic infiltration, and focal glomerulosclerosis.…”

“…Treatment options for RAT include anticoagulation, percutaneous interventional therapy, and surgery [ 6 ]. Anticoagulants alone may not be enough to relieve symptoms and renal dysfunction resulting from renal infarcts; therefore, endovascular treatments like local intra-arterial thrombolysis, catheter aspiration, balloon dilatation, and stent placement are effective in restoring blood supply and preventing loss of renal function and hypertension.…”

“…Certain conditions increase the likelihood of effective revascularization, including complete arterial blockage lasting less than six hours, having only one kidney, or a significant decrease in renal function with a glomerular filtration rate of less than 50 mL/min from baseline [ 6 ]. It is crucial to consider an artery, even if it has been partially obstructed for fewer than 24 hours.…”

Асоціація Контамінації Helicobacter Pylori Та Залізодефіцитної Анемії У Хворих На Гастрит

“…Додаткові дослідження, проведені в Данії, США та Німеччині, також підтвердили це спостереження, показавши, що рівень сироваткового заліза та феритину був нижчим у осіб із H. pyloriінфекцією в порівнянні з неінфікованими особами. Це може вказувати на можливі наслідки інфекції H. pylori для здоров'я людини та його вплив на метаболічні процеси [7][8].…”