Is high oily fish intake achievable and how does it affect nutrient status in 8–9-year-old children?: the FiSK Junior trial

Vuholm, Stine; Teisen, Marie Nygaard; Buch, Nanna Glent; Jakobsen, Jette; Mølgaard, Christian; Lauritzen, Lotte; Damsgaard, Camilla T.

doi:10.1007/s00394-019-01981-y

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Our results concur with other RCTs intervening with fatty fish in children and adolescents ( 34–36 ). In 2 of the latter studies, fatty fish intake also resulted in a decreased concentration of the n–6 PUFAs AA ( 34 , 35 ) and AdA ( 35 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Biomarkers and Fatty Fish Intake: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Norwegian Preschool Children

Solvik

Øyen

Kvestad

et al. 2021

The Journal of Nutrition

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Background Biomarkers such as omega-3 (n–3) PUFAs, urinary iodine concentration (UIC), 1-methylhistidine (1-MH), and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) have been associated with fish intake in observational studies, but data from children in randomized controlled trials are limited. Objectives The objective of this exploratory analysis was to investigate the effects of fatty fish intake compared with meat intake on various biomarkers in preschool children. Methods We randomly allocated (1:1) 232 children, aged 4 to 6 y, from 13 kindergartens. The children received lunch meals of either fatty fish (herring/mackerel) or meat (chicken/lamb/beef) 3 times a week for 16 wk. We analyzed 86 biomarkers in plasma (n = 207), serum (n = 195), RBCs (n = 211), urine (n = 200), and hair samples (n = 210). We measured the effects of the intervention on the normalized biomarker concentrations in linear mixed-effect regression models taking the clustering within the kindergartens into account. The results are presented as standardized effect sizes. Results We found significant effects of the intervention on the following biomarkers: RBC EPA (20:5n–3), 0.61 (95% CI: 0.36, 0.86); DHA (22:6n–3), 0.43 (95% CI: 0.21, 0.66); total n–3 PUFAs, 0.41 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.64); n–3/n–6 ratio, 0.48 (95% CI: 0.24, 0.71); adrenic acid (22:4n–6, −0.65 (95% CI: −0.91, −0.40), arachidonic acid (20:4n–6), −0.54 (95% CI: −0.79, −0.28); total n–6 PUFAs, −0.31 (95% CI: −0.56, −0.06); UIC, 0.32 (95% CI: 0.052, 0.59); hair mercury, 0.83 (95% CI: 0.05, 1.05); and plasma 1-MH, −0.35 (95% CI: −0.61, −0.094). Conclusions Of the 86 biomarkers, the strongest effect of fatty fish intake was on n–3 PUFAs, UIC, hair mercury, and plasma 1-MH. We observed no or limited effects on biomarkers related to micronutrient status, inflammation, or essential amino acid, choline oxidation, and tryptophan pathways. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02331667).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Biomarkers and Fatty Fish Intake: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Norwegian Preschool Children

Solvik

Øyen

Kvestad

et al. 2021

The Journal of Nutrition

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“…Children with obesity may also be more likely to exhibit fussy eating patterns and unwilling to consume unfamiliar foods, as a result, parents may offer foods based on children's tastes and preferences 47 . In addition, common barriers including cost of fish, accessibility, the lack of inspiration or cooking skills and differences in cultural background remain to be important determinants of fish consumption 48 . Therefore, recommendations and education strategies developed for parents and children with obesity may need to address the importance of including a variety of food choices that are both healthy and enjoyable by children and parents alike.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased adiposity in children with obesity is associated with low red blood cell omega‐3 fatty acid status and inadequate polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary intake

et al. 2020

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Summary The association between total dietary fat intake and measures of body fatness in children with obesity remains inconsistent. This study aimed to determine whether dietary long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) and LCPUFA status relate to body composition in children with obesity. Children (n = 63, 9.0 ± 0.2 year, BMI Z‐score 3.1 ± 0.2) were divided into tertiles of percentage body fat assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Diet was assessed 3‐days food diaries. Fatty acid proportions in red blood cells (RBC) were measured by gas chromatography. Data stratified by sex and Tanner stages were compared with a MIXED model ANOVA. Associations between RBC fatty acid status and dietary intakes were examined with Spearman correlation. Moderate correlations were observed between RBC eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) proportions, dietary EPA and DHA (r = 0.39, P < .05) as well as fish servings (r = 0.33, P < .05). Dietary LCPUFA did not differ among tertiles. Children in tertile 3 had lower RBC α‐linolenic acid (−40%) and EPA + DHA (−15%) proportions adjusted for age, Tanner stages and race compared with tertile 1. The lower omega‐3 LCPUFA status in children with greater adiposity is consistent with suboptimal intakes of omega‐3 LCPUFA and fish in the diet.

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“…The magnitude of the estimated genotype-specific effect in the present study corresponds to a reduction in TAG and insulin of about 0•11 mmol/l and 8 pmol/l, respectively, among PPARG2 minor allele carriers and no change in major allele homozygotes, if all children's whole-blood n-3 LCPUFA is increased from 3•5 to 5•0 %. This could be achieved by consumption of oily fish several times per week as demonstrated in our recent fish trial (53) . If true, such a genotypic difference would likely be of relevance for long-term cardiometabolic health.…”

Section: E2/e2 + E2/e3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Does polymorphisms in PPAR and APOE genes modify associations between fatty acid desaturase (FADS), n-3 long-chain PUFA and cardiometabolic markers in 8–11-year-old Danish children?

et al. 2020

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n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) can improve cardiometabolic blood markers but studies in children are limited. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FADS genes, which encode fatty acid desaturases, influence endogenous LCPUFA production. Moreover, SNPs in genes that encode peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) and apolipoprotein E (apoE) may modulate the effects of n-3 LCPUFA. We explored whether FADS polymorphisms were associated with blood cholesterol and triacylglycerol, insulin and glucose and whether polymorphisms in PPARs and APOE modified associations between FADS or n-3 LCPUFA status and the cardiometabolic blood markers. We measured fasting cholesterol and triacylglycerol, insulin, glucose and n-3 LCPUFA in 757 Danish 8-11-year-old children and genotyped SNPs in FADS (rs1535 and rs174448), PPARG2 (rs1801282), PPARA (rs1800206) and APOE (rs7412+rs429358). Carriage of two FADS rs174448 major alleles was associated with lower triacylglycerol (P=0.027) and higher HDL cholesterol (P=0.047). Blood n-3 LCPUFA was inversely associated with triacylglycerol and insulin in PPARG2 minor allele carriers and positively with LDL cholesterol in major allele homozygotes (Pn-3LCPUFA×rs180182<0.01). Associations between n-3 LCPUFA and cardiometabolic markers were not modified by APOE genotype (Pn-3LCPUFA×APOE>0.11), but interaction between FADS rs1535 and APOE showed that rs1535 major allele homozygotes who also carried APOE2 had higher HDL cholesterol than all other genotype combinations (Prs1535×APOE =0.019, pairwise-P<0.05). This indicates that FADS genotypes, which increase endogenous LCPUFA production, may beneficially affect children’s cardiometabolic profile in a partly APOE-dependent manner. Also, the degree to which children benefit from higher n-3 LCPUFA intake may depend on their PPARG2 genotype.

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Is high oily fish intake achievable and how does it affect nutrient status in 8–9-year-old children?: the FiSK Junior trial

Cited by 12 publications

References 45 publications

Biomarkers and Fatty Fish Intake: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Norwegian Preschool Children

Biomarkers and Fatty Fish Intake: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Norwegian Preschool Children

Increased adiposity in children with obesity is associated with low red blood cell omega‐3 fatty acid status and inadequate polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary intake

Does polymorphisms in PPAR and APOE genes modify associations between fatty acid desaturase (FADS), n-3 long-chain PUFA and cardiometabolic markers in 8–11-year-old Danish children?

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