Is Hypospadias Associated with Prenatal Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors? A French Collaborative Controlled Study of a Cohort of 300 Consecutive Children Without Genetic Defect

Prevalence, repairs and complications of hypospadias: an Australian population-based study

“…An overarching explanation for changes in hypospadias trends remains elusive. Hypospadias may increase from maternal exposure to environmental endocrine-disrupting substances; however, their overall effect on hypospadias development remains uncertain 23. Increasing trends may also be the result of the inclusion of more mild cases by registries or improved recognition and documentation of cases referred for repair 3.…”

Pathogenesis of germ cell neoplasia in testicular dysgenesis and disorders of sex development

“…In addition to gene defects, environmental factors must be considered as an important contributor to the aetiology, in particular of the phenotypically milder forms of DSD, such as hypospadias and cryptorchidism, which are also included in the spectrum of TDS disorders [3]. A recent study that failed to detect a genetic defect in a series of patients with isolated hypospadias supports this notion [116].…”

“…Even though most of the DSD cases are caused by genetic defects, with a large number of mutations identified, environmental factors likely modulate the DSD phenotype, and may be causative in some mild DSD forms, such as, e.g. isolated hypospadias without apparent genetic defects [116].…”

Review of the twenty-three year evolution of the first university course in green chemistry: teaching future leaders how to create sustainable societies

“…It is so much more winsome in real time for knowledgeable chemists to ignore than to address the chemical injuries to humans and the natural world, the malfeasance over toxic chemicals, the misdirected development, the manipulation, buying and cowering of governments, the technologically induced injuries to vulnerable countries that presage future wars, the undermining of civilization, and the tactics that underprice life to maintain steady cash flows based on unsustainable products and processes. The scholarship of these themes has become fundamental to C&S. Yet the landscape is so Stygian, for example covering emotionally sensitive topics such as ED damage to the human reproductive tract (Kalfa et al, 2015) and sexuality, and sometimes covering emotionally sensitive topics such as ED damage to the human reproductive tract and sexuality, that the teacher could appear alarmist and antagonistic to lose credibility simply by articulating the facts accurately. However, the student reception of C&S is overwhelmingly positive.…”