Is Integrated Management of Gymnandrosoma aurantianum Possible with Trichogramma atopovirilia and Novel Products Used in Citrus Orchards in Brazil?

Abstract

In Brazil, the citrus fruit borer, Gymnandrosoma aurantianum Lima, 1927, is a serious pest in orange orchards, causing an annual loss of 80 million US dollars, and is managed with multiple insecticide applications, often 56 in a single season. On the other hand, the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 has the potential for controlling G. aurantianum by attacking its eggs. Considering the intensive insecticide applications in citrus orchards in Brazil to control the large complex of pests, especially Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908, evaluation of the harmful effects of insecticides on T. atopovirilia is important to maximize efficiency in managing G. aurantianum. Here, we tested the effects of new products used in citrus orchards (cyantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole + abamectin, abamectin, sulfoxaflor, spinetoram, flupyradifure, and Cordyceps fumosorosea (Wize) Kepler, B. Shrestha & Spatafora) on adults and pupae of T. atopovirilia. Of the insecticides tested, spinetoram caused the highest impacts on T. atopovirilia parasitism, longevity, emergence, and mortality. The other products caused more sublethal than lethal effects and were classified as 1 and/or 2 in the IOBC/WPRS classification. Abamectin, cyantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole + abamectin, and the entomopathogenic fungus C. fumosorosea were classified as short-lived. Except for spinetoram, these products were classified as selective. In this study, spinetoram was considered harmful to T. atopovirilia and, therefore, should be managed carefully in IPM programs combining this parasitoid. In order to safely use this insecticide, one should respect the interval of release of the parasitoid, which is 21 days after its spraying. The novel products tested, cyantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole + abamectin, abamectin, sulfoxaflor, and the entomopathogenic fungi C. fumosorosea were selective and non-persistent to T. atopovirilia. These products are possible replacements for non-selective insecticides to achieve higher control from both chemical and biological tools.

Toxicity of Pesticides Applied in European Vineyards on Anagyrus vladimiri and Trichogramma evanescens, Parasitoids of Planococcus ficus and Lobesia botrana

“…However, interestingly, insecticide treatments in vineyards using cyantraniliprole could be compatible with field releases of the parasitoid T. evanescens. Similar to our results, cyantraniliprole was also considered selective (harmless) to adults of T. atopovirilia [48]. As such, chlorantraniliprole, another diamide insecticide, did not significantly affect the survival of T. pretiosum adult parasitoids, whereas the neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid caused 82% mortality in T. pretiosum adults within 24 h of exposure to dried pesticide residues [53].…”

“…More specifically, the lowest percentages of T. evanescens emergence at both 3 and 7 days after treatment were obtained when pupae were treated with the neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid compared with the pesticides flupyradifurone, lambda-cyhalothrin, and spiroxamine. Previous laboratory experiments also demonstrated that cyantraniliprole is selective (harmless) to pupae of another Trichogramma parasitoid, T. atopovirilia Oatman and Platner [48]. However, according to Saber [49], similar to our results on the higher toxicity of acetamiprid to pupae, imidacloprid, another neonicotinoid insecticide, significantly affected the emergence of T. cacoeciae Marchal from the pupal stage residing inside S. cerealella parasitized eggs.…”