“…This database has supported vast environmental management research (e.g., Arimura et al, 2008Arimura et al, , 2011Darnall et al, 2008Darnall et al, , 2009Darnall et al, , 2010Johnstone and Labonne, 2009;Kim and Darnall, in press;Testa and Iraldo, 2010) that helps elucidate the effects of environmental stakeholder pressures and the implementation of EMS. We apply the database to the next step, that is, to consider the interaction between these two variables as a means to explain the environmental proactivity of organizations, according to the concept of environmental imbalance.…”