Is it Important to Examine Crime Trends at a Local “Micro” Level?: A Longitudinal Analysis of Street to Street Variability in Crime Trajectories

Groff, Elizabeth R.; Weisburd, David; Yang, Sue‐Ming

doi:10.1007/s10940-009-9081-y

Cited by 288 publications

(191 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Second, we were constrained to measuring these processes at the larger unit of analysis of neighborhoods. Although a growing body of research focuses on street segments (Groff, Weisburd, and Yang 2010;Weisburd, Bushway, Lum, and Yang 2004), we were limited to larger units given the challenge of collecting information on levels of collective efficacy in such small units (Weisburd, Groff, and Yang 2012). Third, our obtained sample overrepresented certain types of households in the neighborhood and therefore may have affected our collective efficacy measure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Violence in Urban Neighborhoods: A Longitudinal Study of Collective Efficacy and Violent Crime

Hipp

Wickes

2016

J Quant Criminol

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A longitudinal study of collective efficacy and violent crime 2 Biography John R. Hipp is a Professor in the departments of Criminology, Law and Society, and Sociology, at the University of California Irvine. His research interests focus on how neighborhoods change over time, how that change both affects and is affected by neighborhood crime, and the role networks and institutions play in that change. He approaches these questions using quantitative methods as well as social network analysis. He has published substantive work in such journals as American Sociological Review, Criminology, American Journal of Public Health, Social Forces, Social Problems, Social Networks, Journal Objectives: Cross-sectional studies consistently find that neighborhoods with higher levels of collective efficacy experience fewer social problems. Particularly robust is the relationship between collective efficacy and violent crime, which holds regardless of the socio-structural conditions of neighborhoods.Yet due to the limited availability of neighborhood panel data, the temporal relationship between neighborhood structure, collective efficacy and crime is less well understood.Methods: In this paper, we provide an empirical test of the collective efficacy-crime association over time by bringing together multiple waves of survey and census data and counts of violent crime incident data collected across 148 neighborhoods in Brisbane, Australia. Utilizing three different longitudinal models that make different assumptions about the temporal nature of these relationships, we examine the reciprocal relationships between neighborhood features and collective efficacy with violent crime.We also consider the spatial embeddedness of these neighborhood characteristics and their association with collective efficacy and the concentration of violence longitudinally.Results: Notably, our findings reveal no direct relationship between collective efficacy and violent crime over time. However, we find a strong reciprocal relationship between collective efficacy and disadvantage and between disadvantage and violence, indicating an indirect relationship between collective efficacy and violence.Conclusions: The null direct effects for collective efficacy on crime in a longitudinal design suggest that this relationship may not be as straightforward as presumed in the literature. More longitudinal research is needed to understand the dynamics of disadvantage, collective efficacy, and violence in neighborhoods.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Violence in Urban Neighborhoods: A Longitudinal Study of Collective Efficacy and Violent Crime

Hipp

Wickes

2016

J Quant Criminol

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“…We believe blockfaces are preferable to the more commonly-used Census blocks (encompassing all buildings on the interior of a square city block bordered by four street segments) because foreclosures are more likely to affect behavior and crime just across the street than around the corner (or two corners). In a study of crime on street segments in Seattle, Groff, Weisburd, and Yang (2010) found that crime patterns varied widely between street segments, reinforcing the importance of using small-scale geographies in research on crime. We employed New York City street shapefiles and GIS analysis to create blockfaces, which are not captured in standard mapping shapefiles.…”

Section: Geographic Unit Of Analysismentioning

confidence: 98%

Do foreclosures cause crime?

Ellen

Lacoe

Sharygin

2013

Journal of Urban Economics

198

153

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The mortgage foreclosure crisis has generated increasing concerns about the effects of foreclosed properties on their surrounding neighborhoods, and on criminal activity in particular. There are a number of potential ways in which a foreclosed property might increase the payoffs to committing crime and decrease the likelihood of being caught, including reduced maintenance, residential turnover, and vacancy. Using point-specific, longitudinal crime, foreclosure, and other property data from New York City, this paper determines whether foreclosed properties affect criminal activity on the surrounding blockface -an individual street segment including properties on both sides of the street. We find that additional foreclosures on a blockface lead to additional total crimes, violent crimes and public order crimes. These effects appear to be largest when foreclosure activity is measured by the number of foreclosed properties that are on their way to an auction or have reverted to bank ownership. We find that effects are largest in neighborhoods with moderate or high levels of crime, and on blockfaces with concentrated foreclosure activity.

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“…Most studies undertaken under the rubric of these theories use aggregated crime data as the outcome or dependent variable in spatial analysis, with the unit size varying tremendously across studies. For example, the unit of analysis used in research concerned with "micro places" has ranged from US census blocks (Bernasco and Block 2011); clusters of a hundred addresses on a street (Groff, Weisburd, and Morris 2009;Weisburd et al 2004), and street segments (Johnson and Bowers 2010), also known as block faces (Groff, Weisburd, and Yang 2010;Smith, Frazee, and Davison 2000) to individual buildings and addresses (Polvi et al 1991;Sherman, Gartin, and Buerger 1989).…”

Section: Units Of Geographic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

UK open source crime data: accuracy and possibilities for research

Tompson

Johnson

Ashby

et al. 2014

Cartography and Geographic Information Science

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In the United Kingdom, since 2011 data regarding individual police recorded crimes have been made openly available to the public via the police.uk website. To protect the location privacy of victims these data are obfuscated using geomasking techniques to reduce their spatial accuracy. This paper examines the spatial accuracy of the police.uk data to determine at what level(s) of spatial resolution -if any -it is suitable for analysis in the context of theory testing and falsification, evaluation research, or crime analysis. Police.uk data are compared to police recorded data for one large metropolitan Police Force and spatial accuracy is quantified for four different levels of geography across five crime types. Hypotheses regarding systematic errors are tested using appropriate statistical approaches, including methods of maximum likelihood. Finally, a "best-fit" statistical model is presented to explain the error as well as to develop a model that can correct it. The implications of the findings for researchers using the police.uk data for spatial analysis are discussed.

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Is it Important to Examine Crime Trends at a Local “Micro” Level?: A Longitudinal Analysis of Street to Street Variability in Crime Trajectories

Cited by 288 publications

References 58 publications

Violence in Urban Neighborhoods: A Longitudinal Study of Collective Efficacy and Violent Crime

Violence in Urban Neighborhoods: A Longitudinal Study of Collective Efficacy and Violent Crime

Do foreclosures cause crime?

UK open source crime data: accuracy and possibilities for research

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