“…Although some ethicists, such as Christopher Belsaw ( 2016 ), J. Baird Callicott ( 2016 ), and Roger Scruton ( 2000 ), defend the practice—and Nick Zangwill ( 2021 ) argues that, under certain conditions, we have a moral duty to eat meat—it is noteworthy that these theorists all restrict their defenses to the consumption of animal products that originate from high quality free-range farms, or from hunting. Dan Shahar ( 2021 ) argues that it can be permissible to eat meat even if it comes from a factory farm, but this is not because factory farming is morally unproblematic; rather, Shahar suggests, it can be permissible insofar as one, instead of being an activist about animal welfare, is an activist about another issue that is at least equally important. To our knowledge, the only contemporary ethicist who outright defends factory farming is Timothy Hsiao ( 2017 ).…”