Is it protestant tradition or current protestant population that affects corruption?

Impact of natural disaster on public sector corruption

“…This can be interpreted as a reflection of the degree of economic development. With respect to religion, the ratio of Protestants is larger in OECD countries than in non-OECD countries, which reinforces the argument that Protestant countries are less corrupt (Gokcekus 2008). …”

“…The coefficient of the ratio of Protestants has a significant positive sign in columns (5) and (6). This supports the argument that predominantly Protestant countries are less corrupt (Gokcekus 2008). Table 4 presents the results of disaggregating the natural disasters.…”

“…The occurrence of natural disasters appears to affect the cost and incentive structures faced by bureaucrats as well as individuals, which include the victims of the disasters. Public sector corruption is one of the major issues of concern when considering the interaction between politics and economics 3 (e.g., Glaeser & Saks 2006;Gokcekus 2008;Apergis et al 2010;Dreher & Schneider 2010;Escaleras et al 2010;Johnson et al 2011;Swaleheen 2011). Natural disasters possibly generate an incentive to practice corruption, which is generally defined as the use of public office for private gain (Boettke et al 2007;Leeson & Sobel 2008).…”

The Relation of Corruption Perceptions, Conformity and Traditionalism: Macroeconomic Study of 52 Countries

“…The factor of tradition exacerbates and explains path dependency of corruptive climate and the prevalence of corruption. In particular, countries with Protestant traditions were found to be less corrupt (Treisman, 2000;Gokcekus, 2008, North, et al 2013 since "the religious traditions of Protestant institutions of the church…may play a role in monitoring and denouncing abuses by state officials," ( Treisman, 2000, p.403).Traditionally tight family relationships, especially in the case of extended families, lead to higher corruption especially in developing countries for "corruption or even theft can be acceptable as long as it is perceived to bring benefits to the family, kinship or community" (Bukuluki, 2013, p.27). Naturally, family tradition and connections in business or government tend to increase corruption (Seleim, Bontis, 2009).…”

Public sector transparency and countries’ environmental performance: A nonparametric analysis

“…5 Data were obtained from two sources: 1) Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center: http://cdiac.ornl.gov and 2) United Nations Statistics Division: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=749&crid=. 6 Many studies (Gokcekus and Knörich, 2006;Gokcekus, 2008;Gundlach and Paldam, 2009;Hanousek and Koćenda, 2011 ) have used CPI as a proxy of corruption with a scale from 0 (perceived to be highly corrupt) to 10 (perceived to have low levels of corruption). For details see: http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/gcb.…”