Is Loneliness the Same as Being Alone?

Russell, Daniel W.; Cutrona, Carolyn E.; McRae, Cynthia; Gómez, Mary Louise

doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.589414

Cited by 122 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho adotou a definição de solidão proposta no Modelo de Discrepância Cognitiva, que a considera como uma percepção cognitiva e emocional da discrepância entre o contato social desejado e o vivenciado 4,20,27,38 . Os resultados da análise fatorial e da consistência interna indicaram a adequação da UCLA-BR a esse entendimento da solidão, fornecendo evidências de validade de construto.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Um ponto de concordância entre os autores que investigam o conceito é que não ter outras pessoas por perto, ou seja, estar isolado socialmente, não é sinônimo de solidão 4,20 . Uma das definições mais adotadas para a compreensão da solidão, que embasa boa parte dos instrumentos que mensuram a solidão de adultos e idosos, a define como um conceito bifatorial, conhecido como "modelo de discrepância cognitiva", entendendo solidão como uma percepção cognitiva de que os relacionamentos sociais existentes na vida são insuficientes ou inadequados, gerando uma reação afetiva de tristeza e vazio 4,20,21 . Assim, a solidão tem um componente cognitivo, de interpretação de uma situação, e um componente emocional, derivado dessa percepção.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Como o suporte social é baseado na percepção subjetiva de ter alguém com quem se pode contar e a quem se pode procurar em momentos de necessidade, os estudos têm mostrado uma relação negativa entre tal conceito e a solidão 20,22,23 . Pessoas que se percebem amadas e protegidas, mesmo que estejam distantes de seus familiares e amigos, não se sentem solitárias 15,20 . Internacionalmente há vários instrumentos disponí-veis para avaliação da solidão, tais como a Loneliness and Aloneness Scale for Children and Adolescents…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Evidências de validade da Escala Brasileira de Solidão UCLA

Barroso

Andrade²,

Midgett

et al. 2016

J. bras. psiquiatr.

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RESUMO Objetivo Este trabalho investigou as evidências de validade da Escala de Solidão UCLA para aplicação na população brasileira. Métodos Foram seguidas as fases: (1) autorização do autor e do Comitê de Ética; (2) tradução e retrotradução; (3) adaptação semântica; (4) validação. Utilizou-se para análise dos dados análise descritiva, fatorial exploratória, alpha de Cronbach, Kappa, teste de esfericidade de Barlett, teste Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin e correlação de Pearson. Para a adaptação, a escala foi submetida a especialistas e a um grupo focal com 8 participantes para adaptação semântica e a um estudo piloto com 126 participantes para adaptação transcultural. Da validação, participaram 818 pessoas, entre 20 e 87 anos, que responderam a duas versões da UCLA, ao Questionário de Saúde do Paciente, à Escala de Percepção de Suporte Social e a um questionário elaborado pelos autores. Resultados A escala mostrou dois fatores, que explicaram 56% da variância e alpha de 0,94. Conclusões A Escala de Solidão UCLA-BR indicou evidências de validade de construto e discriminante, além de boa fidedignidade, podendo ser utilizada para avaliação da solidão na população brasileira.

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Section: Discussionunclassified

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Evidências de validade da Escala Brasileira de Solidão UCLA

Barroso

Andrade²,

Midgett

et al. 2016

J. bras. psiquiatr.

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“…For example, Russell et al (2011) assume that there is an inherent human need for intimacy to realize in social relationships, and consequently the emotion-focused pathway is not passable. Others emphasize social Fig.…”

Section: How Coping Influences Lonelinessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping options and loneliness: how are they related?

Tilburg²,

2015

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We examine the extent to which coping options endorsed by older adults help alleviate loneliness, and experiences with loneliness influence the coping options. Two ways of coping are distinguished: problem-focused, i.e., improving one's relationships, and emotion-focused, i.e., lowering one's expectations about relationships. Loneliness is assessed using three observations over 6 years among 1,033 61-to 99-year-old respondents in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Combining the first two observations yielded four loneliness types: not lonely at T0 and T1, recently lonely, persistently lonely, and recovered from loneliness. Between the second and third observations, respondents were asked to evaluate which coping options lonely peers described in various vignettes had. From this, individual coping scores were calculated. The option to improve relationships did not affect the likelihood of one's own loneliness, and the option to lower expectations even increased it. Compared to non-lonely respondents, recently lonely ones endorsed both ways of coping equally frequently, persistently lonely ones endorsed improving relationships less frequently and lowering expectations more frequently and recovered respondents endorsed improving relationships equally frequently and lowering expectations more frequently. We conclude that considering various ways of coping does not help alleviate loneliness and that persistently lonely and recovered respondents are at risk of a circular process with loneliness experiences resulting in considering lowering expectations more frequently, which results in a greater likelihood of loneliness, thus contributing to sustaining or re-establishing loneliness.

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“…Loneliness is not synonymous with being alone [20]. Loneliness is a state of mind rather than an objective condition.…”

Section: Loneliness and The Migratory Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acculturation, Adaptation and Loneliness among Brazilian Migrants Living in Portugal

Neto¹,

Oliveira²,

Neto³

2017

People's Movements in the 21st Century - Risks, Challenges and Benefits

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Additional information is available at the end of the chapter The whole conviction of my life now rests upon the belief that loneliness far from being a rare and curious phenomenon, peculiar to myself and to a few other solitary men, is the central and inevitable fact of human existence.Thomas Wolfe AbstractAcculturation refers to the changes that individuals undergo following intercultural contact. Adaptation is the long-term outcome of the process of acculturation, and loneliness represents one indicator of negative psychological adaptation. This study, using acculturation strategies, looks to answer to four questions:(1) what is the relationship between intercultural strategies and loneliness? (2) What inluence does cultural identity have on the loneliness of migrants? (3) What inluence does perceived discrimination have on the loneliness of migrants? and (4) what inluences do self-worth and perceptions of others have on the loneliness? Answering these questions is important for reducing migrants' loneliness. This study, carried out in 2012, is constituted by 258 Brazilian migrants in Portugal (53% females and 47% males) with a mean age of 36 years. The mean length of residence in Portugal was 14 years. In order to measure loneliness, we used the ULS-6 scale. Other scales were used to measure intercultural strategies, cultural identity, perceived discrimination, self-esteem and atitudes towards ethnocultural groups. As predicted, in what concerns intercultural strategies, loneliness was negatively associated with the strategy of integration, and positively associated with assimilation, separation and marginalization. Ethnic identity was negatively associated with loneliness, but, contrary to expectations, national identity was positively associated with loneliness. Perceived discrimination predicted positively loneliness. Finally, as expected, self-esteem and perceptions of the in-group predicted negatively loneliness. Implications of the study are discussed.

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Is Loneliness the Same as Being Alone?

Cited by 122 publications

References 6 publications

Evidências de validade da Escala Brasileira de Solidão UCLA

Evidências de validade da Escala Brasileira de Solidão UCLA

Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping options and loneliness: how are they related?

Acculturation, Adaptation and Loneliness among Brazilian Migrants Living in Portugal

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