Is manipulation of mood a critical component of cognitive bias modification procedures?

Standage, Helen; Ashwin, Chris; Fox, Elaine

doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.08.005

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…However, we consider a mood congruency explanation highly improbable because not only did we observe a similar effect on cognition in our previous study in which there were no differences between groups in state mood, but past work also observed similar effects on cognition irrespective of whether the modification procedure elicited differences in directly evoked anxiety (Hoppitt, Mathews, Yiend, & Mackintosh, 2010;Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000;Wilson et al, 2006). Furthermore, Standage, Ashwin, and Fox (2010) have recently shown that a directly evoked change in mood state across the modification procedure is not sufficient to induce a change in cognitive bias. In two experiments, Standage et al (2010) demonstrated that a change in interpretation bias occurred only after a CBM-I paradigm and not after a mood induction paradigm, despite both paradigms resulting in changes in mood state.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Therefore, we cannot rule out the possibility that state anxiety did have an effect, either alone or in combination with the cognitive effects brought about via CBM-I. In fact, Standage et al (2010) have posited that the effectiveness of CBM-I may depend on both cognitive and affective components acting in combination, which they suggest would be consistent with some clinical research that proposes that emotional activation enhances the efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy (Samoilov & Goldfried, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Furthermore, Standage, Ashwin, and Fox (2010) have recently shown that a directly evoked change in mood state across the modification procedure is not sufficient to induce a change in cognitive bias. In two experiments, Standage et al (2010) demonstrated that a change in interpretation bias occurred only after a CBM-I paradigm and not after a mood induction paradigm, despite both paradigms resulting in changes in mood state. This supports our proposition that mood change alone does not account for the shift in interpretation bias observed in the present study and is consistent with Standage's claim of a growing body of evidence that CBM-I paradigms can successfully modify interpretations without any confounding influence from mood change.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Modification of Interpretation Bias about Animal Fear in Young Children: Effects on Cognition, Avoidance Behavior, Anxiety Vulnerability, and Physiological Responding

Lester

Field

Muris

2011

Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology

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This study investigated the effects of experimentally modifying interpretation biases for children's cognitions, avoidance behavior, anxiety vulnerability, and physiological responding. Sixty-seven children (6-11 years) were randomly assigned to receive a positive or negative interpretation bias modification procedure to induce interpretation biases toward or away from threat about ambiguous situations involving Australian marsupials. Children rapidly learned to select outcomes of ambiguous situations, which were congruent with their assigned condition. Furthermore, following positive modification, children's threat biases about novel ambiguous situations significantly decreased, whereas threat biases significantly increased after negative modification. In response to a stress-evoking behavioral avoidance test, positive modification attenuated behavioral avoidance compared to negative modification. However, no significant effects of bias modification on anxiety vulnerability or physiological responses to this stress-evoking Behavioral Avoidance Task were observed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Modification of Interpretation Bias about Animal Fear in Young Children: Effects on Cognition, Avoidance Behavior, Anxiety Vulnerability, and Physiological Responding

Lester

Field

Muris

2011

Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology

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“…Other recent studies have directly manipulated mood to investigate whether changes comparable to those observed during interpretation training can be induced by mood state induction alone. In an initial experiment, Standage, Ashwin, and Fox (2010) confirmed that modifying interpretation using the method used by Mathews and Mackintosh (2000) produced training-congruent differences on a test requiring the resolution of ambiguous word strings as either a positive or negative sentence (the scrambled sentence test; see Rude, Vladez, Odom, & Ebrahimi, 2003, for evidence that this test can predict later depression). Then, in a second experiment, Standage et al showed that inducing contrasting emotional states using a musical mood manipulation failed to produce any differential change on the same task.…”

Section: Alternative Explanations For the Effects Of Interpretation Tmentioning

confidence: 82%

Effects of modifying the interpretation of emotional ambiguity

Mathews

2012

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

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People vary in how they perceive emotionally ambiguous events: For example, anxious individuals are particularly likely to interpret emotional ambiguity in a threatening way. Experimental studies have shown that such processing styles are malleable, and when modified can lead to corresponding changes in emotional reactivity. The methods used to modify processing and to assess subsequent changes in emotional reactivity are described and theoretical accounts of the mechanism underlying such changes are discussed. Recent application of related methods to modifying clinical problems demonstrates their utility, but beyond such practical applications, the approach provides new ways of probing the nature of the relationship between cognition and emotion.Suppose you venture an opinion on current events to a group of acquaintances and notice that some of them are smiling. Most of us would take that as a sign of approval, or at least a degree of positive interest. In contrast, people who are prone to feeling anxious in social situations are quite likely to interpret the smiles of others as indicating derision, and feel embarrassed rather than pleased. As this example is intended to illustrate, the interpretation of emotional information sometimes seems to influence how we feel, although it is probably also true that how we feel can influence how we interpret events. In the present paper, after a brief and necessarily selective review of the evidence for such an association, experiments are described that support the hypothesis of a causal relationship between how ambiguous information is interpreted and emotional reactivity, and that suggest mechanisms that may underlie this relationship.The methods used to investigate this relationship open up new ways of studying cognitionÁemotion interactions, as well as new approaches for treating or preventing emotional problems.

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“…) Our final predictions concerned state rumination following autobiographical recall. In CBM experiments designed to simulate cognitive contributions to anxiety, investigators have been careful to argue that CBM is not merely a mood-induction procedure but instead establishes a tendency to respond anxiously to potentially stressful situations (e.g., Standage, Ashwin, & Fox, 2010;Wilson, MacLeod, Mathews, & Rutherford, 2006). Therefore, as a final "far" transfer task, we examined ruminative reactions to remembering instead of anxious reactions to a stressful task.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Looking on the Dark Side

Hertel

Mor

Ferrari

et al. 2014

Clinical Psychological Science

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To understand cognitive bases of self-reported ruminative tendencies, we examined interpretations and subsequent memories of ambiguous situations depicting opportunities for rumination. In Experiment 1, we recruited students, randomly assigned them to a distracting or ruminative concentration task, and then measured their latencies to complete fragments that resolved situational ambiguity in either a ruminative or a benign direction. Students in the ruminative task condition who previously self-identified as brooders were quicker to complete ruminative fragments. In Experiment 2, we simulated this bias to investigate its possible contribution to rumination; nonbrooding students were trained to make ruminative or benign resolutions of ambiguous situations. Ruminative training led to more negative continuations of new, potentially ruminative situations in a subsequent transfer task. Next, ruminative training also caused more negatively valenced errors in recalling the ambiguous transfer situations. Finally, after reflection about a personal experience, state-rumination scores were higher in the ruminative condition. These results establish the causal role of interpretation biases in ruminative patterns of thought.

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Is manipulation of mood a critical component of cognitive bias modification procedures?

Cited by 34 publications

References 32 publications

Experimental Modification of Interpretation Bias about Animal Fear in Young Children: Effects on Cognition, Avoidance Behavior, Anxiety Vulnerability, and Physiological Responding

Experimental Modification of Interpretation Bias about Animal Fear in Young Children: Effects on Cognition, Avoidance Behavior, Anxiety Vulnerability, and Physiological Responding

Effects of modifying the interpretation of emotional ambiguity

Looking on the Dark Side

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