Is Ophthalmia Neonatorum Associated With Invasive Bacterial Infection? A Single-Center Retrospective Study

Abstract

Objective Ophthalmia neonatorum (ON) is a conjunctivitis occurring in neonates and can be caused by multiple bacterial pathogens. The risk of invasive bacterial infection (IBI) in neonates with ON is poorly known. Our objectives were to document the association of ON with IBI in term neonates and to investigate practice variation. Methods This was a retrospective observational study of all neonates who presented to a single emergency department (ED) between January 2018 and December 2019. Participants were all children with a final diagnosis of ON according to the treating physician as registered in the ED computerized database. Newborns with craniofacial malformations and premature infants were excluded. The primary outcome was IBI as defined by growth of any bacterial pathogen in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Perinatal risk factors, ED visit details (symptoms on presentation, management, and treatment plan) as well as complications (ocular morbidity, death, and unscheduled return visits) were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Fifty-two term neonates were included. There were no cases of IBI associated with ON (0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0%–6.9%). Six ocular bacterial infections were identified, one of which was Chlamydia trachomatis. Although there were no IBIs, ocular complications, deaths, or unscheduled return visits to the ED, there was a wide variation in physician's management of ON. Physicians ordered investigations in 49% (95% CI, 34%–62%) of neonates, prescribed antibiotics to 87% (95% CI, 74%–94%), and involved specialists in 39% (95% CI, 27%–52%) of cases. Conclusions Emergency department presentations of term neonates with ON are associated with a low risk of IBI. A better understanding of the current practice variation is needed to inform clinical guidelines for the management of neonates with ON presenting to the ED.