Is physical activity as effective in reducing risk of cardiovascular disease as estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women?

Menopausal women: perceiving continuous power through the experience of regular exercise

“…, 2002; Petitti, 2002). Some studies demonstrated that regular exercise can improve menopausal signs and symptoms, prevent and suppress some chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis, and enhance psychological health (Brehm & Iannotta, 1998; Cass & Runowicz, 1998; Wong & Wong, 1999; Iwamoto et al. , 2001; Kelley et al.…”

Expression of oestrogen receptor α and β is higher in skeletal muscle of highly endurance‐trained than of moderately active men

“…Just like physical activity oestrogen reduces blood lipid levels and blood pressure as well as increases insulin sensitivity and endothelial function (Farhat et al. 1996, Wong & Wong 1999). Interestingly, oestrogen transcriptionally activates similar genes as does exercise (Mendelsohn 2002).…”

Exercise Effects on Menopausal Risk Factors of Early Postmenopausal Women: 3-yr Erlangen Fitness Osteoporosis Prevention Study Results

“…Physical activity or, even better, exercise may be one strategy to offset some these negative consequences. During the past decade, it has been shown that exercise favorably modifies muscle strength (23), bone mineral density (BMD) (29), body composition (18), and blood lipids (30) in the elderly population. However, exercise studies in early postmenopausal women are rare and seldom exceed a period of 12 months (13,29).…”