“…In Adalia bipunctata LINNE, which is widely distributed in Europe, melanie and non-melanie morphs have been recognized and interpreted as an adaptation to varying thermal environments within the geographical distribution of the species ('thermal melanism ', Lusis, 1961;Benham et a!., 1974;Muggleton et a!., 1975;Creed, 1975;Brakefield, 1984a,b;Brakefield & Willmer, 1985;Brakefield & Lees, 1987;Stewart & Dixon, 1989) or as a mechanism to reduce the non-melanie frequency by toxic substances of the polluted air in industrial areas ('industrial melanism ', Creed, 1966', Creed, , 1971a', Creed, ,b, 1974Lees et a!., 1973;Bishop et a!., 1978). In north-eastern Asia, Apart from external factors, such as thermal and industrial stresses, which can effect polymorphic characters, non-random mating among different morphs constitutes an important mechanism affecting the maintenance of polymorphism in a population, with different patterns of mating being associated with different fitness consequences (Partridge & Halliday, 1984).…”