Is semi‐selfish mining available without being detected?

Abstract

Selfish mining attacks get a high prize due to the additional rewards unproportionate to their mining power (mining pools have particular advantages). Generally, this category of attacks stresses decreasing the threshold to maximize the rewards toward the view of attackers. Semi‐selfish mining falls into the family of selfish mining attacks, where the threshold value is approximately 15%. However, it gets little attention to implement these attacks in practical. In this paper, we focus on the validity of semi‐selfish mining attacks considering the probability of being detected. More specifically, we discuss mining strategies through backward deduction. That is to say that the attacking states derived from the observable states, which with normal forking rate, just as without semi‐selfish mining attacks, toward the view of the honest miners. Rewards distribution is further investigated concerning these strategies. The simulation results indicate that it does not necessarily bring rewards advantage over large pools. Instead, the small pools have an advantage over the additional rewards. However, the probability for small pools to successfully implement these strategies is pretty low. That is, it is impossible for the pools, although profitable for them, to sponsor semi‐selfish mining attacks without being detected.

Dynamic Application Partitioning and Task-Scheduling Secure Schemes for Biosensor Healthcare Workload in Mobile Edge Cloud

“…These studies considered geographically distributed cloud data centers and applied workload migration techniques to minimize the energy of running tasks inside the system. Dynamic application partitioning with failure and resource constraint-enabled schemes were suggested in these studies [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. The studies considered fine-grained and coarse-grained healthcare workloads in their models.…”

“…To the best of our knowledge, dynamic application partitioning and task scheduling of biosensor healthcare workflow in secure mobile edge clouds has not been studied yet. Closely related studies [1,3,5,9,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27] have focused on dynamic application partitioning and minimizing the energy use of mobile devices. These studies only considered bandwidth and resource constraints.…”

“…However, security, deadline, and failure constraints have been widely ignored in the studies for the application-partitioning problem of healthcare applications. These studies [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] considered healthcare application security, deadline, and failure constraints in a mobile edge-cloud network. The objective is to minimize the energy consumption of all computing nodes in the mobile edge-cloud architecture.…”

“…To run the mobile workflow applications, all users demand ubiquitous applications, wireless network services, and omnipresent cloud services. Therefore, existing applicationpartitioning schemes such as Baseline1 [1,4,7,11,12] and Baseline2 [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] cannot adopt any dynamic changes at the runtime and do not ensure any security on the data.…”

A blockchain index structure based on subchain query

“…In 2008, Bitcoin was proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto in "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" [14], marking the emergence of blockchain technology. As the *Correspondence: ylchen3@gzu.edu.cn 1 State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data,College of Computer Science and Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China 4 Blockchain Laboratory of Agricultural Vegetables, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262700, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article underlying technology of Bitcoin, blockchain has received extensive attention [15][16][17][18]. Blockchain is a distributed database technology that has the characteristics of decentralization [19][20][21], traceability, tamper-proof, collective maintenance, etc.…”