“…Moreover, with about two thirds of people reporting distress upon being separated from their phone (King et al, ), a proportion that is even higher for young adults (Sharma, Sharma, Sharma, & Wavare, ), some degree of dependence on smartphones appears to be a normative phenomenon rather than an anomaly or a disorder. Indeed, several researchers have voiced concern around the application of the medical‐addiction model to such a novel, quasi‐normalized, and potentially functional dependence on smartphones (e.g., Billieux, Maurage, Lopez‐Fernandez, Kuss, & Griffiths, ; Billieux, Schimmenti, Khazaal, Maurage, & Heeren, ; Ellis, ; Panova & Carbonell, ; Park, ; Pivetta, Harkin, Billieux, Kanjo, & Kuss, ). Specifically, some have explained that conceptualizing excessive behaviors (e.g., problematic smartphone use) within the addiction model may be a simplification of an individual's psychological functioning, offering only limited clinical relevance (Billieux, Schimmenti, et al, ).…”