Is the Carboniferous †Adiphlebia lacoana really the "oldest beetle"? Critical reassessment and description of a new Permian beetle family

Kukalová-Peck, Jarmila; Beutel, Rolf G.

doi:10.14411/eje.2012.075

Cited by 39 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…In contrast to Coleopterida, the early evolutionary history of Coleoptera is comparatively well documented in the fossil record (e.g. Ponomarenko, , , , ; Kukalová‐Peck & Beutel, ; Kirejtshuk et al ., ; Yan et al ., ‐c; see also Crowson, ; Kukalová‐Peck, ; Rasnitsyn & Quicke, ) (Figs B, ), with reliable earliest representatives from the Lower Permian (e.g Ponomarenko, , ). All findings of more ancient Carboniferous ‘beetles’ apparently belong to other insect orders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The phylogeny of Coleopterida (Hexapoda) – morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

Beutel

Pohl

Yan

et al. 2018

Systematic Entomology

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Coleopterida (Coleoptera + Strepsiptera) has been established as the sister group of Neuropterida (Megaloptera + Neuroptera + Raphidioptera) based on recent phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data obtained from genomes and transcriptomes. However, within the resulting clade (Neuropteroidea) the proposed sister-group relationship between the highly specialized endoparasitic Strepsiptera and the megadiverse Coleoptera still lacks convincing morphological support. Furthermore, relationships among the four suborders of Coleoptera remain controversial, with morphological characters strongly conflicting with results suggested by molecular evidence. A large morphological dataset comprising external and internal features of adults and immature stages is presented here and analysed phylogenetically. Our study is focused on deep splits in Coleopterida and on reconstructing character evolution on the phenotypic level. Parsimony analyses clearly support a sister-group relationship between Strepsiptera and monophyletic Coleoptera. Presumptive synapomorphies are characters linked with posteromotorism, but also features of the head and prothorax. We recover Archostemata as sister group of the remaining extant Coleoptera, and Polyphaga as sister group of the species-poor suborder Myxophaga. The most important character complex of Coleoptera is heavy sclerotization without exposed membranes and a simplification of the thoracic muscle apparatus. Non-archostematan beetles are characterized by further simplifications of the thoracic locomotor apparatus. This trend reaches its peak in Myxophaga and Polyphaga, and these suborders also share apomorphies of the larval legs. A pattern with Polyphaga as sister to all other suborders and a clade Myxophaga + Archostemata (as in recent molecular phylogenetic studies) requires ten additional steps with our dataset. This scenario implies that various simplifications of the thoracic exoskeleton and musculature have taken place several times independently, and also that a complex feeding apparatus suitable for saprophagy and sporophagy was ancestral in Coleoptera, with secondary reduction (or modification) in Archostemata and Adephaga. The coleopteran subordinal relationships remain a challenge, with morphological and molecular data suggesting distinctly different patterns. The earliest evolution of Coleopterida is not documented in the fossil record. The exploration of potential stem-group fossils is a high priority, as is the study of species from the Permian-Triassic transition zone, which are apparently important in the context of evaluating the relationships among beetle suborders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The phylogeny of Coleopterida (Hexapoda) – morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

Beutel

Pohl

Yan

et al. 2018

Systematic Entomology

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“…We established an upper boundary on the prior distribution of the age of the root (truncated to 396 Ma) based on the age of the earliest known fossil insect, Rhyniognatha Tillyard (Engel & Grimaldi, ). The lower boundary on the prior distribution was conservatively truncated to 270 Ma based on the earliest known unambiguous fossil stem group Coleoptera [Tshekardocoleidae from the Lower Permian of Obora, Czech Republic, and Tshekarda, Russia (Ponomarenko, ; Kukalová, ; Grimaldi & Engel, ; Beckemeyer & Engel, ; Kukalová‐Peck & Beutel, )]. These boundaries readily accommodate the ages of several additional relevant fossils that were not specifically used as constraints, including: Stephanastus polinae Kirejtshuk & Nel (Gzhelian Stage 298.9–303.7 Ma), a proposed stem group representative of Coleopterida (Coleoptera + Strepsiptera) (Nel et al ., ); Avioxyela gallica Nel (Moscovian Stage 307.0–315.2 Ma; Nel et al ., ); a proposed stem group hymenopteran; and Westphalomerope maryvonneae Nel et al .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…c Plus Lymexyloidea as in the ML tree ( Figure S2), Hunt et al (2007) and earliest known fossil insect, Rhyniognatha Tillyard (Engel & Grimaldi, 2004). The lower boundary on the prior distribution was conservatively truncated to 270 Ma based on the earliest known unambiguous fossil stem group Coleoptera [Tshekardocoleidae from the Lower Permian of Obora, Czech Republic, and Tshekarda, Russia (Ponomarenko, 1963;Kukalová, 1969;Grimaldi & Engel, 2005;Beckemeyer & Engel, 2008;Kukalová-Peck & Beutel, 2012)]. These boundaries readily accommodate the ages of several additional relevant fossils that were not specifically used as constraints, including: Stephanastus polinae Nel et al, 2007), a proposed Carboniferous Mecopteran.…”

Section: Divergence Time Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The beetle tree of life reveals thatColeoptera survived end‐Permian mass extinction to diversify during theCretaceous terrestrial revolution

McKenna

Wild

Kanda

et al. 2015

Systematic Entomology

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Abstract.Here we present a phylogeny of beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) based on DNA sequence data from eight nuclear genes, including six single-copy nuclear protein-coding genes, for 367 species representing 172 of 183 extant families. Our results refine existing knowledge of relationships among major groups of beetles. Strepsiptera was confirmed as sister to Coleoptera and each of the suborders of Coleoptera was recovered as monophyletic. Interrelationships among the suborders, namely Polyphaga (Adephaga (Archostemata, Myxophaga)), in our study differ from previous studies. Adephaga comprised two clades corresponding to Hydradephaga and Geadephaga. The series and superfamilies of Polyphaga were mostly monophyletic. The traditional Cucujoidea were recovered in three distantly related clades. Lymexyloidea was recovered within Tenebrionoidea. Several of the series and superfamilies of Polyphaga received moderate to maximal clade support in most analyses, for example Buprestoidea, Chrysomeloidea, Coccinelloidea, Cucujiformia, Curculionoidea, Dascilloidea, Elateroidea, Histeroidea and Hydrophiloidea. However, many of the relationships within Polyphaga lacked compatible resolution under maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference, and/or lacked consistently strong nodal support. Overall, we recovered slightly younger estimated divergence times than previous studies for most groups of beetles. The ordinal split between Coleoptera and Strepsiptera was estimated to have occurred in the Early Permian. Crown Coleoptera appeared in the Late Permian, and only one or two lineages survived the end-Permian mass extinction, with stem group representatives of all four suborders appearing by the end of the Triassic. The basal split in Polyphaga was estimated to have occurred in the Triassic, with the stem groups of most series and superfamilies originating during the Triassic or Jurassic. Most extant families of beetles were estimated to have Cretaceous origins. Overall, Coleoptera experienced an increase in diversification rate compared to the rest of Neuropteroidea. Furthermore, 10 family-level clades, all in suborder Polyphaga, were identified as having experienced significant increases in diversification rate. These include most beetle species with phytophagous habits, but also several groups not typically or primarily associated with plants. Most of these groups originated in the Cretaceous, which is also when a majority of the most species-rich beetle families first appeared. An additional 12 clades showed evidence for significant decreases in diversification rate. These clades are species-poor in the Modern fauna, but collectively exhibit diverse trophic habits. The apparent success of beetles, as measured by species numbers, may result from their associations with widespread and diverse substrates -especially plants, but also including fungi, wood and leaf litter -but what facilitated these associations in the first place or has allowed these associations to flourish likely varies within and between lineages. Our results pr...

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“…Beetles first appeared in the early Permian (around 270–300 million years ago) [1–3]. Their evolutionary success appears to have been sparked by an initial burst of speciation and consolidated through high diversification and low extinction rates throughout history [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations on a Theme: Antennal Lobe Architecture across Coleoptera

et al. 2016

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Beetles comprise about 400,000 described species, nearly one third of all known animal species. The enormous success of the order Coleoptera is reflected by a rich diversity of lifestyles, behaviors, morphological, and physiological adaptions. All these evolutionary adaptions that have been driven by a variety of parameters over the last about 300 million years, make the Coleoptera an ideal field to study the evolution of the brain on the interface between the basic bauplan of the insect brain and the adaptions that occurred. In the current study we concentrated on the paired antennal lobes (AL), the part of the brain that is typically responsible for the first processing of olfactory information collected from olfactory sensilla on antenna and mouthparts. We analyzed 63 beetle species from 22 different families and thus provide an extensive comparison of principal neuroarchitecture of the AL. On the examined anatomical level, we found a broad diversity including AL containing a wide range of glomeruli numbers reaching from 50 to 150 glomeruli and several species with numerous small glomeruli, resembling the microglomerular design described in acridid grasshoppers and diving beetles, and substructures within the glomeruli that have to date only been described for the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida. A first comparison of the various anatomical features of the AL with available descriptions of lifestyle and behaviors did so far not reveal useful correlations. In summary, the current study provides a solid basis for further studies to unravel mechanisms that are basic to evolutionary adaptions of the insect olfactory system.

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Is the Carboniferous †Adiphlebia lacoana really the "oldest beetle"? Critical reassessment and description of a new Permian beetle family

Cited by 39 publications

References 20 publications

The phylogeny of Coleopterida (Hexapoda) – morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

The phylogeny of Coleopterida (Hexapoda) – morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

The beetle tree of life reveals thatColeoptera survived end‐Permian mass extinction to diversify during theCretaceous terrestrial revolution

Variations on a Theme: Antennal Lobe Architecture across Coleoptera

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