Is the consumption of Tilapia zillii and Clarias gariepinus from Edku Lake (Egypt) safe for humans: a physiological and biochemical study

Abstract

Edku Lake Proximate body Human risk assessmentThe Egyptian government seeks to develop the northern wetlands, including Edku Lake in El Beheira Governorate, to enhance the physiological functions of fish, and thus, improve their quality and promote their products. Therefore, this study was performed on the two cheapest fish species Tilapia zillii and Clarias gariepinus in the Egyptian market, by studying proximate body composition, antioxidant enzyme activity, and bioaccumulation of five trace elements. In this study, T. zillii showed the highest mean of carbohydrates (16.11± 0.67 mg/g), fats (24.21 ± 0.93mg/g), ash (7.33 ±1.00 %), and water content (78.33 ± 1.85 %) whereas, the highest mean of protein content was recorded in C. gariepinus (64.33 ±1.01 mg/g). Antioxidants glutathione reduced level (GSH) (41.66 ± 2. 01 mg/g) and catalase activity (CAT) (21.66 ± 2.6 U/g) demonstrated a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the liver of C.gariepinus than T. zillii (47.83 ± 3.6 mg/g and 38.16 ± 4.2 U/g, respectively). Concerning trace element concentrations, the highest arsenic (As) concentration was recorded in tissues of C. gariepinus (1.54 ± 0.08 μg/g), whereas, the lowest mercury (Hg) concentration was recorded in the tissues of T.zillii (0.47 ± 0.08 μg/g). The concentrations of mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in the two studied fish species exceeded the limits permitted by EOSQC, FAO/WHO, and the EU'. This study recorded that the children should consume less than 16.12857 g/day or 112.90 g/week of T. zillii muscle and 13.27 g/day or 92.92 g/week of C. gariepinus muscle. Moreover, youth should consume less than 43.01 g/day or 301.7g/ week of T. zillii muscle and 35.39714 g/day or 247.78 g/week of C. gariepinus muscle. Finally, adults should consume less than 23.1 g/day and 161.7 g/week of T.zillii muscle, and 61.94286 g/day or 433.6 g/week of C. gariepinus muscle to maintain their safety based on PTWI recommended by FAO/WHO. Abdel-Kader et al., 2021Fish considered a significant component of a balanced, healthy diet containing high-quality proteins, vitamins, and several other essential nutrients (Pieniak et al., 2010). Moreover, fish is a major source of polyunsaturated omega 3 fatty acids (PUFAs) whose benefits reduce inflammatory diseases, coronary heart disease, cancer, arterial hypertension, and contributes to normal neurodevelopment in children (Mozaffarian and Wu, 2011; Swanson et al., 2012). Furthermore, the American Heart Association has recommended fish consumption at least twice a week to achieve daily consumption of omega-3 fatty acids (Kris-Etherton et al., 2002).Tilapia and African catfish are commercially valuable fish because, in several African countries, including Egypt, they are considered a cheap food source (Olmedo et al., 2013). Catfish and tilapia species contribute to over 80% of Lake Edku production (GAFRD 2012). These fish species seem to have been acclimatized to the prevailing conditions and to be able to survive, forming the main fish population in the lake.In living organisms, ...

Estimation of tilapia fish quality in Lake Edku through physiological analyses regarding trace element accumulation, antioxidant enzymes, proximate composition, and human health risk assessment as the ultimate consumer

“…In Buriganga River and adjacent canals of Hazaribagh, Dhaka, Islam et al (2014) recorded that As was found in the ranges of 0.62 to 0.71 mg/kg ww. In Egypt, As concentrations in tilapia zillii and C. gariepinus muscles ranged from 1.43 ± 0.17 to 1.54 ± 0.14 μg/g on average (Abdel-Kader, et al 2021). The values published in the literature were frequently lower than the results of this study Cadmium is a harmful trace metal found in high amounts in fish species (Türkmen et al, 2009).…”