“…Fatal familial insomnia (FFI), a rare autosomal dominant disease, is marked by hypometabolism and neuronal loss in the thalamus and ACC, linking this condition to the SN [ 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 ]. The role of SN in sleep physiology and pathology is further highlighted by the anesthetics, especially propofol, which lower salience processing, inducing sleep [ 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 ]. Moreover, recent studies on sleep-deprived human volunteers and patients with primary insomnia demonstrated altered connectivity in AIC, further linking SN to sleep and wakefulness [ 79 , 80 ].…”