Is Theory Guiding Our Work? A Scoping Review on the Use of Implementation Theories, Frameworks, and Models to Bring Community Health Workers into Health Care Settings

Allen, Caitlin G.; Barbero, Colleen; Shantharam, Sharada; Moeti, Refilwe

doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000000846

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Our discovery that training programs and surveys were less common for CHW employers than they were for CHWs is also important because employer understanding of and appreciation for the distinctive CHW role and core attributes of CHW candidates are vital for implementation of successful CHW programs ( 29 ). Regional approaches could support wider availability of employer training across states ( 30 , 31 ), but nuances in local culture, availability of community resources, and local and state regulations that may affect the CHW workforce can also be considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processes for Implementing Community Health Worker Workforce Development Initiatives

Barbero

Mason²,

Rush³

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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Introduction: The objective of this observational, cross-sectional study was to identify, document, and assess the progress made to date in implementing various processes involved in statewide community health worker (CHW) workforce development initiatives.Methods: From September 2017 to December 2020, we developed and applied a conceptual model of processes involved in implementing statewide CHW initiatives. One or more outputs were identified for each model process and assessed across the 50 states, D.C., and Puerto Rico using peer-reviewed and gray literature available as of September 2020.Results: Twelve statewide CHW workforce development processes were identified, and 21 outputs were assessed. We found an average of eight processes implemented per state, with seven states implementing all 12 processes. As of September 2020, 45 states had a multi-stakeholder CHW coalition and 31 states had a statewide CHW organization. In 20 states CHWs were included in Medicaid Managed Care Organizations or Health Plans. We found routine monitoring of statewide CHW employment in six states.Discussion: Stakeholders have advanced statewide CHW workforce development initiatives using the processes reflected in our conceptual model. Our results could help to inform future CHW initiative design, measurement, monitoring, and evaluation efforts, especially at the state level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processes for Implementing Community Health Worker Workforce Development Initiatives

Barbero

Mason²,

Rush³

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

Self Cite

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“…32 Scoping reviews have been used in several studies to assess the public health workforce. [33][34][35][36][37] Our scoping review attempted to answer the question, "How are employment outcomes of students earning public health degrees at the graduate and undergraduate levels collected and described in the literature? "…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postgraduate Employment Outcomes of Undergraduate and Graduate Public Health Students

et al. 2021

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Objectives A key goal of schools and programs of public health is to prepare graduates for careers in the public health workforce after graduation, but are they achieving this goal? We assessed how the employment outcomes of students earning public health degrees are collected and described in the literature. Methods Using the Kirkpatrick model of training evaluation as a framework, we conducted a 6-step scoping review: (1) formulating the research question, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) selecting studies, (4) charting the data, (5) collating and summarizing the results, and (6) consulting stakeholders. We included articles published from January 1, 1993, through July 4, 2020, that provided data on employment status, employment sector/industry, job function, or salary of public health graduates. We excluded articles that were not written in English and were about dual-degree (ie, doctor of medicine–master of public health) students. We found and reviewed 630 articles. Results We found 33 relevant articles. Most articles focused on a single school and combined multiple graduating classes, focused on subspecializations of public health, or focused on graduates’ satisfaction with their curriculum but not employment outcomes. Data were inconsistently categorized, and studies were difficult to compare. Conclusions Research on public health graduates’ employment outcomes is scarce and does not follow consistent protocols. New standards should be adopted to systematize the collection of data on employment outcomes of public health graduates.

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“…In the same year, Arizona's CHW workforce gained a substantial policy win through the passage of HB2324, providing the pathway and infrastructure for CHW voluntary certification and mandating CHW-driven workforce standards in training, supervision and career progression (12). While the current policy environment in Arizona is conducive to the integration of CHWs into health systems and clinical care teams, individual and systems-level barriers may hinder the potential for CHW integration to positively impact health outcomes (13)(14)(15).…”

Section: Arizona Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organizational Readiness for Community Health Worker Workforce Integration Among Medicaid Contracted Health Plans and Provider Networks: An Arizona Case Study

Sabo

Wexler

O'Meara

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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Understanding and building organizational capacity for system change and the integration of the Community Health Worker (CHW) workforce within the health scare sector requires a supportive organizational culture among sector leaders and providers. The aim of this mixed-methods study was to assess organizational readiness for CHW workforce integration into Arizona Medicaid health systems and care teams. This collaborative effort was in direct response to emergent state and national CHW workforce policy opportunities, and the shifting health care landscape in Arizona – which merged behavior and physical health. Specifically, and in collaboration with a broad-based, statewide CHW workforce coalition, led by the CHW professional association, we assessed 245 licensed health care professionals with experience working with CHWs and 16 Medicaid-contracted health plan leadership. Our goal was to generate a baseline understanding of the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs these stakeholders held about the integration of CHWs into systems and teams. Our findings demonstrate a high level of organizational readiness and action toward integration of CHWs within the Arizona health care system and care teams. CHWs have emerged as a health care workforce able to enhance the patient experience of care, improve population health, reduce cost of care, and improve the experience of providing care among clinicians and staff.

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Is Theory Guiding Our Work? A Scoping Review on the Use of Implementation Theories, Frameworks, and Models to Bring Community Health Workers into Health Care Settings

Cited by 22 publications

References 71 publications

Processes for Implementing Community Health Worker Workforce Development Initiatives

Processes for Implementing Community Health Worker Workforce Development Initiatives

Postgraduate Employment Outcomes of Undergraduate and Graduate Public Health Students

Organizational Readiness for Community Health Worker Workforce Integration Among Medicaid Contracted Health Plans and Provider Networks: An Arizona Case Study

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