Is there a hormonal regulation of phagocytosis at unicellular and multicellular levels? A critical review

Csaba, G.

doi:10.1556/030.64.2017.024

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…B lymphopoiesis is also severely diminished during pregnancy [44]. This means that generally, estrogens are negative regulators of the immune system, while macrophage activity is stimulated by it [48], depending on the dose [49]. The loss of naive T-cells does not allow the action against new antigens and helps the 6 CSABA proliferation of memory cells against old (earlier) antigens, which is characteristic to the elderly [50].…”

Section: Gender Differences In the Role Of Immunity On Longevitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunity and longevity

Csaba

2018

AMicr

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The role of immune system is to protect the organism from the not built-in program-like alterations inside and against the agents penetrating from outside (bacteria, viruses, and protozoa). These functions were developed and formed during the evolution. Considering these functions, the immune system promotes the lengthening of lifespan and helps longevity. However, some immune functions have been conveyed by men to medical tools (e.g., pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, and prevention), especially in our modern age, which help the struggle against microbes, but evolutionarily weaken the immune system. Aging is a gradual slow attrition by autoimmunity, directed by the thymus and regulated by the central nervous system and pineal gland. Considering this, thymus could be a pacemaker of aging. The remodeling of the immune system, which can be observed in elderly people and centenarians, is probably not a cause of aging, but a consequence of it, which helps to suit immunity to the requirements. Oxidative stress also helps the attrition of the immune cells and antioxidants help to prolong lifespan. There are gender differences in the aging of the immune system as well as in the longevity. There is an advantage for women in both cases. This can be explained by hormonal differences (estrogens positively influences both processes); however, social factors are also not excluded. The endocrine disruptor chemicals act similar to estrogens, like stimulating or suppressing immunity and provoking autoimmunity; however, their role in longevity is controversial. There are some drugs (rapamycin, metformin, and selegiline) and antioxidants (as vitamins C and E) that prolong lifespan and also improve immunity. It is difficult to declare that longevity is exclusively dependent on the state of the immune system; however, there is a parallelism between the state of immune system and lifespan. It seems likely that there is not a real decline of immunity during aging, but there is a remodeling of the system according to the claims of senescence. This is manifested in the remaining (sometimes stronger) function of memory cells in contrast to the production and number of the new antigen-reactive naive T-cells.

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Section: Gender Differences In the Role Of Immunity On Longevitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunity and longevity

Csaba

2018

AMicr

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“…Progesterone been shown to affect phagocytosis rates [34], and is structurally quite similar to oestrogen. Therefore, we hypothesised that C. albicans may adapt to progesterone in a similar way to oestrogen to evade the innate immune system.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oestrogen promotes innate immune evasion ofCandida albicansthrough inactivation of the alternative complement system

Kumwenda

Cottier

Keevan

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Gender is a risk factor for several infections that, for many pathogens, has been linked to sex hormones impacting host immunity and directly affecting microbial virulence. Candida albicans is a commensal of the urogenital tract and the predominant cause of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Factors that increase circulatory oestrogen levels like pregnancy, the use of oral contraceptives, and hormone replacement therapy predispose women to VVC, but the reasons for this are largely unknown. Here, we investigate how adaptation of C. albicans to oestrogen impacts the fungal host-pathogen. Physiologically relevant concentrations of oestrogen promoted fungal virulence by enabling C. albicans to avoid the actions of the innate immune system. Oestrogen-induced innate immune evasion was mediated via inhibition of opsonophagocytosis through enhanced acquisition of Factor H on the fungal cell surface and was dependent on the C. albicans moonlighting protein Gpd2. Oestrogen dependent derepression of GPD2 was mediated via a non-canonical signalling pathway involving Ebp1 and Bcr1. Therefore, we propose that, in addition to affecting the antifungal potential of vaginal epithelial cells, elevated oestrogen levels predispose women to VVC by directly enhancing fungal pathogenicity. The discovery of this new hormone sensing pathway might pave the way in explaining gender biases associated with fungal infections and may provide an alternative approach to improving women’s health.

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“…These receptors are reacting to steroid or thyroid hormones, as well as to peptide ones (endorphin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, gonadotropic hormone, etc. [51,[57][58][59]). The steroid hormone receptors are the members of steroid receptor superfamily and seem to be very important from this aspect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of endocrine disruptor phytoestrogens on the immune system: Present and future

Csaba

2018

AMicr

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Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are bound by steroid receptors, have steroid-like effects, and by this, negatively influence hormone-regulated processes. Phytoestrogens, which are consumed in enormously high amount by man, are also EDs; however, in contrast to industrial or communal EDs, in some cases have beneficial effects. As immune cells have steroid (first of all, estrogen) nuclear and plasma membrane receptors, which bind phytostrogens (genistein, daidzein, etc.), the development, lifespan, and function of them are deeply influenced by phytoestrogens. They can provoke perinatal faulty hormonal imprinting with lifelong consequences. However, faulty imprinting can be developed not only perinatally but also in other critical periods of life, as weaning, adolescence, and even in continuously dividing cells (e.g., hemopoietic cells) during the whole life. This means that the phytoestrogens could cause direct - instant or long-lasting - steroid effects and durable imprinting effects. As the effect of hormonal imprinting is epigenetically inherited, the phytoestrogen's effects appear in the progeny generations, and the generationally repeated disruptor effects will be different from the present ones. This could also be manifested in the amount, type, and appearance of autoimmune diseases. The consumption of soy is enormously growing, and its immune effect is extended. As the immune system influences basic physiological processes, it seems likely that evolutionary alterations will be observed. In this case, some phytoestrogens will be needed for the normal life of man, as it happened in the case of vitamins A and D, which are already life-important exohormones. However, quantitatively or qualitatively enormous amount of phytoestrogens will cause pathological and epigenetically inherited alterations.

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Is there a hormonal regulation of phagocytosis at unicellular and multicellular levels? A critical review

Cited by 10 publications

References 90 publications

Immunity and longevity

Immunity and longevity

Oestrogen promotes innate immune evasion ofCandida albicansthrough inactivation of the alternative complement system

Effect of endocrine disruptor phytoestrogens on the immune system: Present and future

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