Is There a Pathological Gait Associated With Common Soft Tissue Running Injuries?

Bramah, Christopher; Preece, Stephen; Gill, Niamh; Herrington, Lee

doi:10.1177/0363546518793657

Cited by 100 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In support of this premise, a study by Braham et al reported that runners with different injuries all exhibited similar patterns among each other. However, this study only involved 72 injured runners and 36 healthy controls and a simple logistic regression model to determine which kinematic parameters could best separate the two groups. In contrast, the results of the current study used a much larger cohort and employed an unsupervised machine learning approach to reveal that certain running patterns cannot be conclusively linked to injury location and that homogeneous kinematic subgroups exist regardless of injury location.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…In addition, associations between certain injuries and kinematic gait patterns have been detected in multiple studies . In support of this premise, a study by Braham et al reported that runners with different injuries all exhibited similar patterns among each other. However, this study only involved 72 injured runners and 36 healthy controls and a simple logistic regression model to determine which kinematic parameters could best separate the two groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…These results support previous research that has shown that there are similarities in kinematics between individuals with different injuries and refutes the premise that injury location is related to similarities in gait kinematic patterns. Moreover, the gait pattern of healthy runners was not distinct of that of the injured and suggests that there is not a single “protective gait pattern” reducing the likelihood of developing RRI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As well, similarities in ankle-related RRIs have been reported in individuals with Achilles tendinopathy (AT) 10 and those with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction 7 suggesting these injured runners exhibit increased time to peak pronation. 10 However, a recent study by Bramah et al 11 investigated 72 injured runners, with PFP, ITBS, AT, and medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), and 36 healthy runners and reported that all injured runners exhibited greater contralateral pelvic drop and forward trunk lean as well as more knee extension and ankle dorsiflexion at initial contact irrespective of injury location. Therefore, further research is necessary to determine if common kinematic gait patterns exist for specific injuries and/or anatomical location of injuries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A hierarchical cluster analysis to determine whether injured runners exhibit similar kinematic gait patterns

Jauhiainen

Pohl

Äyrämö

et al. 2020

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Previous studies have suggested that runners can be subgrouped based on homogeneous gait patterns; however, no previous study has assessed the presence of such subgroups in a population of individuals across a wide variety of injuries. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess whether distinct subgroups with homogeneous running patterns can be identified among a large group of injured and healthy runners and whether identified subgroups are associated with specific injury location. Three‐dimensional kinematic data from 291 injured and healthy runners, representing both sexes and a wide range of ages (10‐66 years), were clustered using hierarchical cluster analysis. Cluster analysis revealed five distinct subgroups from the data. Kinematic differences between the subgroups were compared using one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Against our hypothesis, runners with the same injury types did not cluster together, but the distribution of different injuries within subgroups was similar across the entire sample. These results suggest that homogeneous gait patterns exist independent of injury location and that it is important to consider these underlying patterns when planning injury prevention or rehabilitation strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A hierarchical cluster analysis to determine whether injured runners exhibit similar kinematic gait patterns

Jauhiainen

Pohl

Äyrämö

et al. 2020

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…Andrews et al discovered that genu varum knee alignment tended to generate a high knee adduction moment during the early stance phase in the gait cycle. An increased knee adduction moment during running is considered a risk factor for ITBS . As the ITB runs across the posterolateral aspects of the hip and goes down to the lateral knee, excessive frontal and transverse plane motions of the lower extremities could affect tissue strain .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Iliotibial Band Strain under Different Knee Alignments

Kim

Miyakawa

Fukuda

et al. 2019

PM&R

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Background: Increased strain of the iliotibial band (ITB) is a plausible contributing factor for the development of iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS). Although several studies have found relationships between the strain of the ITB and kinematic factors during running, the associations of the ITB strain with knee alignment and sex, which are considered intrinsic factors, are not well understood.Objective: To clarify the sex differences in the ITB strain between genu varum and normal knee alignments in different postures. Design: Observational cross-sectional study. Setting: Laboratory research within a university. Participants: Forty-four healthy recreational athletes (21 men and 23 women) volunteered for this study and were divided into four groups by sex and knee alignment: men with genu varum alignment, men with normal knee alignment, women with genu varum alignment, and women with normal knee alignment. Methods: An ultrasound real-time elastography (RTE) unit was used for distal ITB strain measurements in weight bearing and for different non-weight-bearing: neutral, knee flexion, hip adduction, and hip adduction with knee flexion. Gender information and the intercondylar distance data were collected to divide the participants into two groups. Main Outcome Measurements: Main Outcome was the ITB strain (strain ratio) measured by the RTE. Results: There were no significant differences in neutral and hip adduction postures among the four groups. However, during weightbearing, the women's genu varum group (6.91 AE 1.69; Mean AE SD) exhibited greater strain than both the men's normal group (3.50 AE 1.04, P = .005) and the women's normal group (4.42 AE 1.42, P = .048). In addition, there were significant positive correlations between the intercondylar distance and the ITB strain during weight-bearing (r = 0.315, P = .037). Conclusions: The women's genu varum group exhibited a higher ITB strain during weight-bearing, which may be related to the high incidence of ITBS in women athletes. Furthermore, the changes in alignment and muscle activities during weight-bearing could influence the strain of the ITB.

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Impact of Body Mass Index on Biomechanics of Recreational Runners

Vincent

Kilgore

Chen

et al. 2020

PM&R

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Background Some recreational runners with obesity successfully train or compete without musculoskeletal injury. Insight into the key kinetic strategies of injury‐free heavier runners is necessary to appropriately guide development of safe training programs for this population. Objective To determine key biomechanical strategies of running in individuals with body mass index (BMI) values above and equal to and higher than 30 kg/m2. Design This was a case‐control study. Participants Runners with obesity (n =18; 42.7 years, 38.9% women) who were matched by sex, age, footstrike type, footwear characteristics, and running speed with healthy runners (n = 36; 41.7 years, 32.5% women). Setting Research laboratory affiliated with an academic medical center. Methods A seven‐camera optical motion analysis system was used to capture running kinematics and an instrumented treadmill captured kinetic data. Main Outcomes Main outcomes were temporal spatial parameters, joint excursions, peak ground reaction forces (GRFs), joint moments, vertical average loading rate (VALR), impulses, and vertical stiffness (Kvert). Results Runners with obesity demonstrated 15% less vertical excursion of the center of mass, 18% wider strides, and 3% longer stance times than nonobese runners (P < .05). Normalized peak GRFs and VALRs were higher in the nonobese group. GRF impulse was higher in the group with obesity compared to the nonobese group (means ± SD; 339.6 ± 55.2 Ns vs. 255.0 ± 45.8 Ns; P = .0001). Kvert was higher in the obese group compared to the nonobese group (238.6 ± 50.3 N/cm vs. 183.1 ± 29.4 N/cm; P = .0001). Peak hip moments were higher in runners with obesity in the sagittal and frontal planes (P < .05). Conclusion Runners with obesity dampened impact forces and controlled loading rate more than nonobese runners by increasing lower body stiffness and constraining vertical displacement.

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Is There a Pathological Gait Associated With Common Soft Tissue Running Injuries?

Abstract: 18Background: Previous research has demonstrated clear associations between specific

Cited by 100 publications

References 55 publications

A hierarchical cluster analysis to determine whether injured runners exhibit similar kinematic gait patterns

A hierarchical cluster analysis to determine whether injured runners exhibit similar kinematic gait patterns

Sex Differences in Iliotibial Band Strain under Different Knee Alignments

Impact of Body Mass Index on Biomechanics of Recreational Runners

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