Is there a possibility of intrasystem regulation by hormones produced by the immune cells? Experiments with extremely low concentrations of histamine

Csaba, G; Pállinger, Éva

doi:10.1556/aphysiol.96.2009.3.10

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, as major part of the system is settled in organs (lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, gut) the circulating regulators can approach the cells which, after having the stimuli, are able to hormonally influence the cell population around them. This establishes the condition of an intrasystem regulation, a hormonal network inside the immune organ or inside the whole immune system [62,66,69]. As it was mentioned, at the bottom of phylogeny, in unicellular animals there are hormones present, functioning as regulators in a mobile cell population organized from individual cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

The Immuno-Endocrine System: Hormones, Receptors and Endocrine Function of Immune Cells. The Packed-Transport Theory

Csaba

2011

Advances in Neuroimmune Biology

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Immune cells (lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages, granulocytes and mast cells) produce numerous hormones, store and secrete them. In addition these cells have receptors for hormones and signal transduction pathways. These functions are under the control of the central nervous system (neuro-immune regulation), and there is a dynamic multi-directional interaction within the neuroimmune circuitry. Considering the high amount of immune cells, their hormone production can rival to that of the "classical" endocrine glands. However, in contrast to the endocrine glands, which are in general mono-producers, 1.) the immune cells are poly-producers, the same cell can produce different hormones at the same time and also poly-receivers, having receptors for different hormones, 2.) immune cells are mobile and can transport the hormones in a packaged form, even though they are able to synthesize and secrete the hormones locally. 3.) immune cells have the capacity to recognize the site where their hormones are needed. It is proposed that under the control of the nervous system immune cells produce hormones for general regulation, for intrasystem regulation and for remote, local regulation. Hormone production is gender dependent. Receptors are affected by hormonal imprinting during the critical developmental periods of target cells and the imprinting influences also the hormone synthesis of immune cells for life. Some hormones can be demonstrated in the nucleus of mast cells, however their function is not known. The knockout of one hormone's gene disturbs hormone balance in immune cells. The importance of the packed-transport hypothesis is discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

The Immuno-Endocrine System: Hormones, Receptors and Endocrine Function of Immune Cells. The Packed-Transport Theory

Csaba

2011

Advances in Neuroimmune Biology

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“…Monocytes contain more histamine and epinephrine than lymphocytes and granulocytes contain (in man) twice as much histamine than monocytes and three times as much as lymphocytes [112]. The experiments with non-brain hormones call attention to the possibility of a hormonal network inside the immune system [113], as hormones in an extremely low concentration can influence the hormone production of each other. The hormone content of the immune cells shows gender dependence, with the advantage of females [50].…”

Section: Other Hormones In the Immune Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormones in the immune system and their possible role. A critical review

Csaba

2014

Acta Microbiologica Et Immunologica Hungarica

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Immune cells synthesize, store and secrete hormones, which are identical with the hormones of the endocrine glands. These are: the POMC hormones (ACTH, endorphin), the thyroid system hormones (TRH, TSH, T3), growth hormone (GH), prolactin, melatonin, histamine, serotonin, catecholamines, GnRH, LHRH, hCG, renin, VIP, ANG II. This means that the immune cells contain all of the hormones, which were searched at all and they also have receptors for these hormones. From this point of view the immune cells are similar to the unicells (Tetrahymena), so it can be supposed that these cells retained the properties characteristic at a low level of phylogeny while other cells during the evolution accumulated to form endocrine glands. In contrast to the glandular endocrine cells, immune cells are polyproducers and polyreceivers. As they are mobile cells, they are able to transport the stored hormone to different places (packed transport) or attracted by local factors, accumulate in the neighborhood of the target, synthesizing and secreting hormones locally. This is taking place, e.g. in the case of endorphin, where the accumulating immune cells calms pain caused by the inflammation. The targeted packed transport is more economical than the hormone-pouring to the blood circulation of glandular endocrines and the targeting also cares the other receptor-bearing cells timely not needed the effect. Mostly the immune-effects of immune-cell derived hormones were studied (except endorphin), however, it is not exactly cleared, while the system could have scarcely studied important roles in other cases. The evolutionary aspects and the known as well, as possible roles of immune-endocrine system and their hormones are listed and discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sporadic evidence indicates that cells of the immune system, including mast cells can synthesize and store hormones among which are thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and the thyroid hormone T3 (Csaba and Pállinger, 2009a,b; Thangam et al, 2018). T3 levels were found increased following cell exposure to low histamine concentrations (Csaba and Pállinger, 2009a). Furthermore, evidence also indicates that mast cells express T3 receptors and that tissue mast cells population increased in hypothyroidism (Siebler et al, 2002), thus suggesting that the health or sick thyroid could condition mast cell hormone levels and/or that mast cells may represent an alternative source of packaged T3 locally deliverable (Thangam et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone Metabolites and Mast Cells: A Less Explored Issue

Landucci

Laurino

Cinci

et al. 2019

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Mast cells are primary players in immune and inflammatory diseases. In the brain, mast cells are located at the brain side of the blood brain barrier (BBB) exerting a crucial role in protecting the brain from xenobiotic invasion. Furthermore, recent advances in neuroscience indicate mast cells may play an important role in glial cell-neuron communication through the release of mediators, including histamine. Interestingly, brain mast cells contain not only 50% of the brain histamine but also hormones, proteases and lipids or amine mediators; and cell degranulation may be triggered by different stimuli activating membrane bound receptors including the four types of histaminergic receptors. Among hormones, mast cells can store thyroid hormone (T3) and express membrane-bound thyroid stimulating hormone receptors (TSHRs), thus suggesting from one side that thyroid function may affect mast cells function, from the other that mast cell degranulation may impact on thyroid function. In this respect, the research on hormones in mast cells is scarce. Recent pharmacological evidence indicates the existence of a non-genomic portion of the thyroid secretion including thyroid hormone metabolites. Among which the 3,5 diiodothyronine (3,5-T2), 3-iodothyroanamine (T1AM) and 3-iodothyroacetic acid (TA1) are the most studied. All these compounds are endogenously occurring and found to be increased in inflammatory-based diseases involving mast cells. T1AM and TA1 induce, as T3, neuroprotective effects and itch but also hyperalgesia in rodents with a mechanism largely unknown but mediated by the release of histamine. Due to the rapid onset of their effectiveness they may trigger histamine release from a cell where it is “ready-to-be released,” i.e., mast cells. Following a very thin path which passes through old experimental and clinical evidence, at the light of novel acquisitions on endogenous T3 metabolites, we aim to stimulate the attention on the possibility that mast cell histamine may be the connector of a novel (neuro) endocrine pathway linking the thyroid with mast cells.

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Is there a possibility of intrasystem regulation by hormones produced by the immune cells? Experiments with extremely low concentrations of histamine

Cited by 6 publications

References 23 publications

The Immuno-Endocrine System: Hormones, Receptors and Endocrine Function of Immune Cells. The Packed-Transport Theory

The Immuno-Endocrine System: Hormones, Receptors and Endocrine Function of Immune Cells. The Packed-Transport Theory

Hormones in the immune system and their possible role. A critical review

Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormone Metabolites and Mast Cells: A Less Explored Issue

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