Is there an increase of bone density in children?

Schönaü, Eckhard; Wentzlik, Ulrike; Michalk, Dietrich; Scheidhauer, Klemens; Klein, Klaus Ulrich

doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)91805-v

Cited by 49 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In fact, when the absolute values of the cortical and trabecular densities were compared, they seemed to be virtually constant between players and controls, and across the bone sites, except the distal radius. This finding is similar to other CT studies where the volumetric density of cortical and trabecular bone has been shown to be fairly similar between children at different ages, and between men and women, 2,[15][16][17]36 and where the higher areal bone mineral density and ultimate bone strength in older children and men were due to larger bone size, not volumetric density of bone. In contrast to our study, Rico et al 33 found a significantly larger total and cortical volumetric density, but not trabecular density of the dominant distal radius, compared with the nondominant counterpart of sedentary right-handed adult subjects.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis players

Haapasalo

Kontulainen

Sievänen

et al. 2000

Bone

406

297

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Bilateral bone characteristics of the humerus (proximal, shaft, and distal sites) and radius (shaft and distal sites) in 12 former Finnish national-level male tennis players (mean age 30 years) and their 12 age-, height-, and weight-matched controls were measured with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). The pQCT variables analyzed were bone mineral content (BMC), total cross-sectional area of bone (Tot.Ar), cross-sectional area of the marrow cavity (M.Cav.Ar), cortical bone (Co.Ar) and trabecular bone (Tr.Ar), volumetric density of cortical (Co.Dn) and trabecular (Tr.Dn) bone, cortical wall thickness (Co.Wi.Th), bone strength index (BSI), and principal moments of inertia (I min and I max ). In the players, significant side-to-side differences, in favor of the dominant (playing) arm, were found in BMC (ranging 14%-27%), Tot.Ar (16%-21%), Co.Ar (12%-32%), BSI (23%-37%), I min (33%-61%), and I max (27%-67%) at all measured bone sites, and in Co.Wi.Th. (5%-25%) at the humeral and radial shafts, and distal humerus. The side-to-side M.Cav.Ar difference was significant at the proximal humerus (19%) and radial shaft (29%). Concerning the players' Co.Dn and Tr.Dn, the only significant side-toside difference was found in the Co.Dn of the distal humerus, with the playing arm showing a slightly smaller Co.Dn than the nonplaying arm (؊2%). In controls, significant dominant-tonondominant side differences were also found, but with the majority of the differences being rather small, and significantly lower than those of the players. In conclusion, despite the large side-to-side differences in BMC, the volumetric bone density (Co.Dn, Tr.Dn) was almost identical in the dominant and nondominant arms of the players and controls. Thus, the players' high playing-arm BMC was due to increases in the Tot.Ar, M.Cav.Ar, Co.Ar, and CW.Th. In other words, the playing arm's extra bone mineral, and thus increased bone strength, was mainly due to increased bone size and not due to a change in volumetric bone density. These upper arm results may not be generalized to the entire skeleton, but the finding may give new insight into conventional dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-based bone density measurements when interpreting the effects of exercise on bone. (Bone 27:351-357; 2000)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis players

Haapasalo

Kontulainen

Sievänen

et al. 2000

Bone

406

297

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“…Currey and Butler 24 found that the ash percentage in cortical bone increased with increasing age up to 25 years and then settled thereafter. Our findings are in agreement with these reports, but contradict those of Schönaü et al, 35 who found that the BMC was not dependent on skeletal maturity. Danielsen et al 10,11 found that in the rat the content of bone collagen decreased with age in females but did not change in males.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

Properties of growing trabecular ovine bone

Nafei¹,

Danielsen²,

Linde³

et al. 2000

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume

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Our aim was to determine the relationship between age and the mechanical and physical properties of trabecular bone, to describe the patterns in which the variations in these properties take place, and to investigate the influence of the physical properties on the mechanical characteristics of trabecular bone during growth. We used 30 lambs in three age groups and 20 sheep in two age groups. Cubes of subchondral bone were cut from the proximal tibia according to a standardised protocol. We performed non-destructive compression tests of the specimens in three orthogonal directions and compression tests to failure in the axial direction. The physical properties of the specimens were also determined. The data were correlated with age and compared in skeletally immature and mature animals. Multiple regression analyses were performed between the mechanical and the physical properties.Age correlated positively with elastic modulus, bone strength, energy absorption to failure, elastic energy, mechanical anisotropy ratio, tissue density, apparent density, apparent ash density, and bone mineral content, and inversely with ultimate strain, viscoelastic energy absorption, relative energy loss, the collagen content of bone and the percentage porosity. The values of all variables were significantly different in the skeletally mature and immature groups. The apparent density of trabecular bone tissue was found to be the major predictor of its compressive mechanical properties. Together with the content of bone muscle and bone collagen, the apparent density could explain 84% of the variation in the elastic modulus, whereas only a small portion of the variation in ultimate strain could be explained by the variation in apparent density. There are many reports which discuss the relationship between age and the physical properties of trabecular bone during the period of growth 1-3 but there is no detailed information about these properties in skeletally immature individuals. The relationship of the bone mineral content to age has been studied most extensively using indirect methods of estimation such as ultrasound 4 and dual-energyx-ray absorptiometry, 1 and CT. 2 It has also been studied in relation to the mechanical properties of bone 5-8 as has the collagen content of cortical bone. [9][10][11] There are only a few reports on the porosity of the bone tissue, 12,13 and none on the physical and mechanical properties of trabecular bone in relation to the skeletal maturity of the same material. It has been postulated solely on clinical observations and experience that the bone tissue of skeletally immature individuals behaves differently from that of adults. It has also been suggested that the degree of mechanical anisotropy of trabecular bone may change with increasing weight-bearing.We have therefore investigated the variations in the mechanical and physical properties of trabecular bone in relation to age in skeletally immature individuals to determine the patterns in which these variations take place, and to describe how much o...

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“…However, more recent data indicate that following successful transplantation, the initial increase in remodelling helps to correct the consequences of uremic vintage on the bone and after the second year following transplantation, bone mineral density (BMD) actually increases [11,25,26,27,28]. Accordingly, to evaluate the effect of time since transplantation, patients were divided into two groups: those with a follow-up of less than 24 months, and those with a follow up of 24 months or longer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Metabolism and Arterial Stiffness After Renal Transplantation

Cseprekál

Kis²,

Dégi³

et al. 2014

Kidney Blood Press Res

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Background/Aims: To assess the relationship between bone and vascular disease and its changes over time after renal transplantation. Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with cardiovascular (CV) disease. Following transplantation (Tx), improvement in CV disease has been reported; however, data regarding changes in bone disease remain controversial. Methods: Bone turnover and arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity (PWV)) were assessed in 47 Tx patients (38 (3-191) months after Tx). Results: Bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), osteocalcin (OC) and beta-crosslaps were significantly higher in Tx patients, and decreased significantly after one year. There was a negative correlation between BALP, OC and steroid administered (r=-0.35;r=-0.36 respectively). PWV increased in the Tx group (1.15 SD). In patients with a follow up of <24 months, PWV was correlated with BALP and beta-crosslaps (r=0.53; r=0.69 respectively) while in the ≥24 months group, PWV was correlated with cholesterol (r=0.38). Conclusions: Increased bone turnover and arterial stiffness are present following kidney transplantation. While bone turnover decreases with time, arterial stiffness correlates initially with bone turnover, after which the influence of cholesterol becomes significant. Non-invasive estimation of bone metabolism and arterial stiffness may help to assess CKD-MBD following renal transplantation.

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Is there an increase of bone density in children?

Cited by 49 publications

References 4 publications

Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis players

Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis players

Properties of growing trabecular ovine bone

Bone Metabolism and Arterial Stiffness After Renal Transplantation

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