Is There an Interplay Between the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axes During Exercise-Stress Coping in Horses?

Ferlazzo, Adriana; Cravana, Cristina; Fazio, Esterina; Medica, Pietro

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2017.08.018

Cited by 13 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…In competitive horses, cortisol is considered a marker of psychophysical stress [35]. Then, to assess the exercise-induced stress the measurement of the hormones of HPA axis is usually utilized [4,5,36,37].…”

Section: The Hpa Axis and The Opioidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It involves a multiple system response that relies on the secretion of substances produced and released by the nervous and endocrine systems, able to evoke optimal organ function and control of homeostasis of principal variables, such as mean arterial pressure, plasma osmolality, blood pH, PCO 2 , plasma electrolyte (Na + , K + , Cl -) concentrations, blood glucose concentration, and body temperature [1][2][3]. Moreover, increasing interest is devoted to the involvement of the neuroendocrine system in the psychological aspects of athletic action [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hormonal systems are involved to allow the adaptive responses to exercise. With this in mind, exercise can be considered as a useful stress model to study the interplay between the different hormonal systems in stress conditions [4,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of acute and chronic exercise on endocrine homeostasis have been largely documented in the horse [4,5,[11][12][13][14][15][16]. Controversial data on the hormonal response to exercise depend on several modifying factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Physical exercise stress in sport horses is considered as a physiological stress, although it can be also regarded as mental or psychogenic stressor [4,17]. As sentient beings, all animal species can show affect, emotion, feelings, and suffering, and their different cognitive ability and awareness can have a large influence on coping systems [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The different hormonal system during exercise stress coping in horses

et al. 2020

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The review discusses the hormonal changes during exercise stress. The exercise generally produces a rise of adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, glucagon, growth hormone, arginine vasopressine, etc., and a drop of insulin. The hormonal events during reestablishment of homeostasis due to exercise stress can be divided into a catabolic phase, with decreased tolerance of effort, and reversible biochemical, hormonal and immunological changes, and an anabolic phase, with a higher adaptive capacity, and enhanced performance. The two main hormonal axes activated in the catabolic phase are sympathetic–adrenal–medullary system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, while in the anabolic phase, growth hormone-insulin-like factor I axis, and gonadal axes. The hormonal responses during exercise and recovery can be regarded as regulatory and integrated endocrine responses. The increase of catecholamines and ACTH is dependent on the intensity of exercise; a marked increase in plasma A occurs during exercises with high emotional content. The response of cortisol is correlated with the duration of exercise, while the effect of exercise duration on β-endorphin changes is highly dependent on the type of exercise performed. Cortisol and β-endorphin changes usually occur in phase, but not during exercises with high emotional content. Glucocorticoids and iodothyronines are involved in meeting immediate energy demands, and a model of functional interactions between HPA axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during exercise stress is proposed. A modulation of coping responses to different energy demanding physical activities required for sport activities could be hypothesized. This review supports the proposed regulation of hypophysiotropic TRHergic neurons as metabolic integrators during exercise stress. Many hormonal systems (ghrelin, leptin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol) are activated to control substrate mobilizations and utilization. The cardiovascular homeostasis, the fluid and electrolyte balance during exercise are highly dependent on vasoactive hormones (antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone, and prostaglandins) control.

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Section: The Hpa Axis and The Opioidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The different hormonal system during exercise stress coping in horses

et al. 2020

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Blood‐based assessment of oxidative stress, inflammation, endocrine and metabolic adaptations in eventing horses accounting for plasma volume shift after exercise

Giers,

Bartel,

Kirsch

et al. 2024

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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BackgroundAfter submaximal exercise, blood values of eventing horses show physiological reactions.ObjectivesThis prospective longitudinal study investigated blood parameters in 20 elite eventing horses before and after two–four‐star cross‐country rides.MethodsUsing a mixed model adjusting for plasma volume shift, we assessed exercise‐dependent parameters and compared blood values with reference ranges for healthy horses at rest.ResultsFollowing exercise, cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) showed short‐term increases, and superoxide‐dismutase showed a small short‐term increase. Hepatic values showed short‐term (haemoglobin [HGB], globulins) or sustained increases (bilirubin, glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase). Digestion‐related parameters showed small short‐term increases (α‐amylase, triglycerides) or decreases (cholesterol, DGGR‐lipase), apparent through plasma shift adjustment. Zinc decreased in the short term, and iron showed a delayed decrease. White blood cell count increased persistently after training, whereas serum amyloid A remained unchanged.ConclusionsExercised eventing horses had consistently elevated HGB and cortisol levels 10 and 30 min after submaximal exercise, exceeding the reference ranges for healthy horses at rest. Exercise activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical and hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axes. Antioxidant activity was observed. Increased energy requirements led to the mobilization of energy reserves, and a sustained increase in liver enzymes indicated hepatocellular injury. Mild haemolysis suggested increased muscle metabolism, whereas signs of inflammation were subtle. Further research is needed to identify which horses deviate from mean values.

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