This article analyzes the relationship between export competitiveness and investment in machinery, allowing for imperfect substitution between domestically produced and imported machinery. A translog export price function is estimated for developed, exportoriented developing, and import-substituting developing economies in a panel data setting. Between 1967 and 1990 imported machinery helped lower export prices for export-oriented developing economies. Moreover, throughout the period imported machinery was not a substitute for domestic machinery. Import-substituting developing economies were unable to harness imported machinery to reduce costs early in the period, but from about the early 1980s, with the opening of their trade regimes, they were able to benefit from the cost-reducing effect. The results imply that innovative effort based on imported technologies can be a precursor to the development of domestic innovation capabilities. In this article we build on two recent lines of research: investment in equipment as a source of economic growth and imported goods as conduits for the international diffusion of technology. We combine these two themes to assess the effectiveness of imported machinery in increasing export competitiveness and thus in stimulating growth. 1 Underlining the importance of machinery in the development process, De Long and Summers (1991, 1992a, 1992b, 1993) find strong empirical support for a causal relationship between equipment investment and economic growth in a cross-section of developing and developed countries. In particular, they find that a 1% increase in the share of equipment investment in gross domestic product