“…Despite the fact that housing can be seen as a manufacturing process, the implementation of the three-pronged approach of lean (pursuing Transformation, Flow and Value) remains challenging within the housing production sector. Since early 1900s, housing developers, including Toyota, have tried to integrate lean principles into their production systems (Bock, 2007; Giles, 2008, Sears, 2012, Toyota, 2012; Liker, 2013, Marquit and Limandri, 2013, Duc et al , 2014, BoKlok, 2016). While efficiency can be gained by shifting housing construction from the site to a more controlled factory environment, eventually developers have to deal with the complexities of site production, its conditions, and a range of permutations and sub-assemblies inherent to the housing product (Gann, 1996).…”