Ischaemic necrosis of the tongue

McGoldrick, David; Khan, Irfan; Cotter, Chris

doi:10.1136/bcr-2014-208330

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The differential diagnosis for tongue ischemia, which is a rare presenting symptom of giant cell arteritis, includes vasculitis, vasospasm, trauma, and radiation. 1 Giant cell arteritis occasionally has been reported in the literature as a possible cause; furthermore, it has been reported to cause other atypical symptoms, such as cough, trismus, hearing loss, and facial swelling. [2][3][4][5][6] Timely diagnosis requires recognition of the signs and symptoms of the disease and prompt referral for biopsy, which is the gold standard for confirmation.…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Picture's Worth: Giant Cell Arteritis

Wang

Olson

Kieffer

2016

The American Journal of Medicine

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Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Picture's Worth: Giant Cell Arteritis

Wang

Olson

Kieffer

2016

The American Journal of Medicine

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“…There are many underlying factors that can contribute to the development of tongue necrosis (Table 1 ). 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 Giant cell arteritis (GCA), ANCA (Anti‐Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody)‐associated vasculitis and other vasculitides have been previously described as underlying systemic causes of tongue necrosis. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 Other potential causes include infection (particularly tuberculosis and syphilis), malignancy, radiation therapy, use of vasoconstricting medications and systemic hypoperfusion such as in the setting of shock.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tongue necrosis as a manifestation of immune dysfunction: A complex case of systemic lupus erythematosus, histoplasmosis, and macrophage activation syndrome

Walsh

Feng

Lenert

et al. 2023

Clinical Case Reports

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Topology hiding routing based on learning with errors

Wan

2020

Concurrency and Computation

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The protocol of onion routing constitutes the underpinning of Onion Routing network for anonymous communication. However, since the main idea behind such protocol is to hierarchically peel the IP head and decode each crypted routing address, the topology with regards to path length or long-term direction cannot be preserved. Owing to topology exposure, lots of attacks such as denial of service and differential flow analysis can be effectively conducted to violate the security of it. Moreover, considering that the path should be constructed by a sender in advance, onion routing is infeasible to be transplanted to ad hoc networks, let alone other defects such as heavy burden about computational complexity and package length. In this paper, a topology-hiding routing protocol is proposed to address most of the aforementioned problems recurring to homomorphic learning with errors. Security analysis illustrated that nothing but only the IPs of adjacent hops will be revealed to any router. Also the computational complexity on sender side as well as the package length outperforms those of traditional onion routing algorithm in view of comparative simulation. K E Y W O R D Slearning with errors, the onion routing, topology hiding onion routing INTRODUCTIONWithin the open and synergic environment of network, routing is undoubtedly the core for all its functionalities. Based on Dijkstra's algorithm, any package can be delivered to its destination through a shortest transmission path. Though plain routing is simple and efficient, it is vulnerable toward privacy infringement and various active attacks. For example, if the source and destination addresses are exposed to an adversary, he is not only capable of learning the relationship between the communication parties but may also locate their current position. In order to preserve the privacy related to IP addresses, an anonymous communication network named the Onion Routing (TOR) was first established by the U.S. NavalResearch Laboratory in the mid-1990s. 1 Aiming at concealing the start and the end addresses of communication to accomplish anonymity, TOR is realized via multilayer encryption manifested as an onion structure. Formally speaking, the idea behind TOR can be described as the following steps.1. The sender determines the route to the destination, presented as a sequencewhere R i stands for the IP address of intermediate routers. Then it encapsulates this route as R2 | R3 | … | Rn | D according a predefined public cryptosystem E PK (⋅) for Ri+1 = E PK i (R i+1 )and D = E PK n (D). As part of the IP package this information will be transmitted to the first router R 1 .2. Assuming that a router R i has received a message containing)to be aware of the next IP and relay the package till it arrives at the destination D.Although TOR is widely used to prevent messages from tracing in nowadays, a lot of defects such as timing analysis and exit node vulnerability remains unsolved. Besides, we argue some other weaknesses which may jeopardize its implementation and security as...

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Ischaemic necrosis of the tongue

Cited by 10 publications

References 10 publications

A Picture's Worth: Giant Cell Arteritis

A Picture's Worth: Giant Cell Arteritis

Tongue necrosis as a manifestation of immune dysfunction: A complex case of systemic lupus erythematosus, histoplasmosis, and macrophage activation syndrome

Topology hiding routing based on learning with errors

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