Ischemic stroke and neuroprotection

Onwuekwe, Ikenna; Ezeala-Adikaibe, Birinus

doi:10.4103/2141-9248.105669

Cited by 62 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the industrialized world (Onwuekwe and Ezeala-Adikaibe 2012; Towfighi and Saver 2011). Stroke is a heterogeneous condition consisting of several subtypes.…”

Section: Microglial Activation In Strokementioning

confidence: 99%

The role of the microglia in acute CNS injury

2014

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Microglia are considered the brain’s resident immune cell involved in immune defense, immunocompetence, and phagocytosis. They maintain tissue homeostasis within the brain and spinal cord under normal condition and serves as its initial host defense system. However, when the central nervous system (CNS) faces injury, microglia respond through signaling molecules expressed or released by neighboring cells. Microglial responses are dual in nature. They induce a nonspecific immune response that may exacerbate CNS injury, especially in the acute stages, but are also essential to CNS recovery and repair. The full range of microglial mechanisms have yet to be clarified, but there is accumulating knowledge about microglial activation in acute CNS injury. Microglial responses require hours to days to fully develop, and may present a therapeutic target for intervention with a much longer window of opportunity compare to other neurological treatments. The challenge will be to find ways to selectively suppress the deleterious effects of microglial activation without compromising its beneficial functions. This review aims to provide an overview of the recent progress relating on the deleterious and beneficial effect of microglia in the setting of acute CNS injury and the potential therapeutic intervention against microglial activation to CNS injury.

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Section: Microglial Activation In Strokementioning

confidence: 99%

The role of the microglia in acute CNS injury

2014

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“…Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, affecting over 7 million people in the United States (Towfighi and Saver, 2011; Onwuekwe and Ezeala-Adikaibe, 2012; Mozaffarian et al, 2015). Ischemic stroke is caused by the occlusion of a blood vessel in the brain and constitutes the majority of all strokes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the immune response to experimental stroke: Implications for translational research

Dotson

Offner

2016

J of Neuroscience Research

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Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. It is known that males and females respond differently to stroke. Depending on age, the incidence, prevalence, mortality rate, and disability outcome of stroke differ between the sexes. Females generally have strokes at older ages than males and, therefore, have a worse stroke outcome. There are also major differences in how the sexes respond to stroke at the cellular level. Immune response is a critical factor in determining the progress of neurodegeneration after stroke and is fundamentally different for males and females. Additionally, females respond to stroke therapies differently from males, yet they are often left out of the basic research that is focused on developing those therapies. With a resounding failure to translate stroke therapies from the bench to the bedside, it is clearer than ever that inclusion of both sexes in stroke studies is essential for future clinical success. This Mini-Review examines sex differences in the immune response to experimental stroke and its implications for therapy development.

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“…Despite of tremendous research efforts made to discover new neuroprotective strategies to limit acute injury to neuronal cells in ischemic area. Neuroprotection can be achieved by reducing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters in the ischemic area in order to enhance the neuronal survival [11,12]. However, several studies have reported neuroprotective strategies that are successful in animal stroke model, but these strategies failed in randomized placebocontrolled human studies.…”

Section: Neural Progenitor Cell Therapy In Ischemia-reperfusion Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%