ISCOM^TM‐based vaccines: The second decade

Abstract

SummaryThe immunostimulating complex or 'iscom' was first described 20 years ago as an antigen delivery system with powerful immunostimulating activity. Iscoms are cage-like structures, typically 40 nm in diameter, that are comprised of antigen, cholesterol, phospholipid and saponin. ISCOM TM -based vaccines have been shown to promote both antibody and cellular immune responses in a variety of experimental animal models. This review focuses on the evaluation of ISCOM TM -based vaccines in animals over the past 10 years, as well as examining the progress that has been achieved in the development of human vaccines based on ISCOM TM adjuvant technology.

Protection, systemic IFNγ, and antibody responses induced by an ISCOM-based vaccine against a recent equine influenza virus in its natural host

“…ISCOM vaccines have been used to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses to numerous antigens in several species [28]. ISCOMs induce a strong and long lasting antibody response against influenza haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins when compared with conventional adjuvants (e.g.…”

Photosensitizer and Light Pave the Way for Cytosolic Targeting and Generation of Cytosolic CD8 T Cells Using PLGA Vaccine Particles

“…Several approaches have been proposed for the delivery of Ags and drugs to the cytosol, such as cell-penetrating peptides that carry their cargo across the plasma membrane (2, 3), pH-sensitive and fusogenic liposomes that break up phagosomes (4-6), micellebased immune-stimulating complexes that may facilitate Ag cross-presentation (7,8), and recombinantly modified viruses (9)(10)(11) and bacteria (12)(13)(14)(15) that trigger CTLs. Also, microparticles or nanoparticles made from biodegradable polymers, such as poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), have been investigated for the cytosolic delivery of vaccines.…”

Simultaneous presentation and cross‐presentation of immune‐stimulating complex‐associated cognate antigen by antigen‐specific B cells

“…Immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMS) containing Quil A are attractive candidate vectors in this respect, as proteins incorporated into ISCOMS induce a wide range of immune effector responses in vivo, including all forms of CD4 + T cell-mediated immunity, antibody production and crucially, very strong MHC class I-restricted responses [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. ISCOMS-based vaccines containing purified antigens have been successfully used in a number of experimental infectious diseases [8] and have also recently entered clinical trials for cancer therapy using human papilloma virus-16 antigen and the cancer/testis antigen NY-ESO-1 [9].…”