“…In the U.S., NIDs are typically identified as individual states, such as North Carolina, or individual communities, such as Nashville. In Europe, by contrast, scholars tend to focus on new immigration countries, working with data at the national scale and framing the issues associated with immigrant settlement as national, not local, questions (Scharbrodt and Sakaranaho, 2011). In studies of NIDs beyond Europe and the U.S, there are no clear trends, with some studies positioned as national discussions (Hamada et al, 2009;Lincoln, 2009;Li, 2012) and others as discussions of individual cities or regions (Haugen and Carling, 2005).…”