“…These attitudes can be labelled as anti-Muslim racism, intolerance against Muslim, anti-Muslim prejudice, anti-Muslim bigotry, hatred of Muslims, anti-Islamism, anti-Muslimism, Muslimophobia, demonisation of Islam, and demonisation of Muslims (Richardson, 2013). The multiple cases showed that Muslims have been continually prejudiced as vicious, misogynistic, radical, and disposed towards violence actions (Kasiyarno and Murwantono, 2022).…”