Islet-brain 1 (IB1) is the rat and human homologue of JIP-1, a murine inhibitor of the c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK). It was termed IB1 since its expression is mostly detectable in pancreatic islets and in the brain (2). IB1 was identified by studying the transcriptional mechanisms responsible for the pancreatic -cell-specific control of glucose transporter gene GLUT2 (2,4,24,36). Subsequently, the human MAPK8IP1 gene, encoding IB1, was established as a candidate gene for diabetes mellitus (35). Indeed, the direct sequencing of this gene in human type 2 diabetes patients revealed the presence of a missense mutation (resulting in protein mutation S59N) which cosegregated with a rare form of monogenic type 2 diabetes. Ex vivo, this mutation was shown to induce an accelerated apoptosis in pancreatic  cells (35). These observations identified IB1 as a key regulator for -cell survival since it modulates the activation of the JNK signaling pathway, a system which plays an essential role in maturation, differentiation, and/or apoptosis (8, 16). For example, when the IB1 protein content is decreased,  cells are more sensitive to cytokineinduced apoptosis by increasing the JNK activity (3). Thus, the IB1 expression level is critical for -cell function.The goal of the present study was to understand how MAPK8IP1 gene expression is controlled in a tissue-specific manner. Work by Atouf and coauthors has correlated the selective presence of several gene transcripts in pancreatic  and neuronal cells with the absence in these cells of a transcription factor named REST (RE-1 silencing transcription factor, also termed as NRSF) (1). This protein is a zinc finger transcriptional repressor found to be widely expressed during embryogenesis in all tissues, except in endocrine pancreas and mature neuronal tissues (1, 5). The REST gene displays modular organization conserved across humans, rats, and mice within the protein-coding region and is regulated by alternative splicing of REST pre-mRNA. It was reported that the REST isoform with nine zinc fingers is the most predominant isoform found in various tissues (25). Alternatively spliced REST protein isoforms differ in their DNA-binding domains and transrepression domains (26), suggesting different functions of REST. For example, the REST4 isoform, which is a truncated protein, inhibits REST activity by acting as a dominant-negative form of REST (DNREST) (26,32). REST binds to a 21-bp cis element called the RE-1 silencer element (NRSE), also known as repressor element RE-1, to negatively regulate in nonneuronal tissues several genes preferentially expressed in neuronal cells such as the rat SCG10, the rat type II sodium channel, the human synapsin I, and the rat N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 1 genes (6,18,20,33). The repression effect induced by REST required the interaction of REST with the corepressor mSin3 and histone deacetylase I (HDACI) to form a complex which induces hypoacetylation of histone (15). These authors proposed that a remodeling of the chromatin stru...