Islet Hormones from the African Bullfrog Pyxicephalus adspersus (Anura:Ranidae): Structural Characterization and Phylogenetic Implications

Using Evolutionary Information and Ancestral Sequences to Understand the Sequence–Function Relationship in GLP-1 Agonists

“…Tetrapod GLP-1 sequences were collected from databases and the literature; Agkistrodon piscivorus (GI:45272441), Amphiuma tridactylum (three-toed salamander), 56 Bufo marinus (giant toad), 21 Ceratophrys ornata (ornate horned frog), 57 Cynops pyrrhogaster (Japanese firebelly newt), 32 Gallus gallus (common chiken), 58 Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Taiwanese frog), 23 Heloderma Suspectum (Gila monster), 24 Homo sapiens (human), 59 Pyxicephalus adspersus (African bull frog), 60 Pipa pipa (suriname toad), 61 Rana catesbeiana (bull frog), 62 Rana pipiens (northern leopard frog), 22 Xenopus leavis (African clawed frog), 32 Xenopus tropicalis (western clawed frog) (GI:55742076), and H. suspectum exendin-4. 25 Cleavage positions were in most cases determined from sequencing of the peptide itself; otherwise they were transferred from the closest homolog.…”