Islet Regeneration: Endogenous and Exogenous Approaches

Abstract

Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized by a progressive loss of beta cell mass that contributes to impaired glucose homeostasis. Although an optimal treatment option would be to simply replace the lost cells, it is now well established that unlike many other organs, the adult pancreas has limited regenerative potential. For this reason, significant research efforts are focusing on methods to induce beta cell proliferation (replication of existing beta cells), promote beta cell formation from alternative endogenous cell sources (neogenesis), and/or generate beta cells from pluripotent stem cells. In this article, we will review (i) endogenous mechanisms of beta cell regeneration during steady state, stress and disease; (ii) efforts to stimulate endogenous regeneration and transdifferentiation; and (iii) exogenous methods of beta cell generation and transplantation.

Emerging diabetes therapies: Bringing back the β-cells

“…While the use of murine models has aided in the identification of a plethora of agents able to boost β-cell duplication (including glucose, insulin, IGF-1, incretins and their analogues, placental hormones, platelet-derived growth factor, leptin, serotonin, growth hormone, and parathyroid hormone-related protein [ [82] , [83] , [84] , [85] , [86] , [87] , [88] ]), many of them have failed to act as β-cell mitogens in human samples. Such discrepancies are partially attributable to the structural and biological differences between rodent and human islets.…”

Species-dependent impact of immunosuppressive squalene-gusperimus nanoparticles and adipose-derived stem cells on isolated human and rat pancreatic islets

“…Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a somatic cell population present in many perinatal and adult tissues. 10 They can be isolated from several tissues such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, connective tissue, umbilical cord, menstrual blood, and nasal mucosa. 11 MSCs can self-renew, are easy to culture in vitro , and can differentiate into different cell types.…”

“… 11 MSCs can self-renew, are easy to culture in vitro , and can differentiate into different cell types. 10 , 12 These cells also have a high regenerative effect on surrounding tissue due to the capacity to produce soluble trophic factors. 13 This can promote survival, regeneration, and function of different cells including those of pancreatic islets through paracrine mechanisms driven by MSCs-derived growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines.…”

Regeneration of β-cells of the islet apparatus of the pancreas. Literature review

“…У больных СД2 наблюдается как снижение массы β-клеток, так и нарушение их секреторной активности [1]. Однако специалистами не до конца изучено, что является первичным -уменьшение массы β-клеток, которое вызывает их дисфункцию, или дисфункция является причиной уменьшения их массы [2]. Вне зависимости от этого стабилизация функциональной массы β-клеток как у пациентов с СД1, так и у пациентов с СД2 является ключевым звеном в разработке терапии данного заболевания.…”