Isoenzyme comparison of Trypanozoon isolates from two sleeping sickness areas of south-eastern Uganda

Enyaru, John; Stevens, Jamie R.; Odiit, M.; Okuna, N.M.; Carasco, J. F.

doi:10.1016/0001-706x(93)90072-j

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This has also been further supported by studies that demonstrate a positive spatial correlation of total cattle population and HAT occurrence in Western Kenya [6]. Zymodemes from domestic animals such as the cow and the pig have been found to be identical to those in man [52]. Pigs and cattle in the study area are known carriers of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and human infective T.b.r and the infection in domestic animals was not necessarily associated with signs of disease [31], [32], [35], [53]–[55].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Socio-Economic and Cultural Determinants of Human African Trypanosomiasis at the Kenya – Uganda Transboundary

et al. 2013

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BackgroundKenya and Uganda have reported different Human African Trypanosomiasis incidences in the past more than three decades, with the latter recording more cases. This cross-sectional study assessed the demographic characteristics, tsetse and trypanosomiasis control practices, socio-economic and cultural risk factors influencing Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r.) infection in Teso and Busia Districts, Western Kenya and Tororo and Busia Districts, Southeast Uganda. A conceptual framework was postulated to explain interactions of various socio-economic, cultural and tsetse control factors that predispose individuals and populations to HAT.MethodsA cross-sectional household survey was conducted between April and October 2008. Four administrative districts reporting T.b.r and lying adjacent to each other at the international boundary of Kenya and Uganda were purposely selected. Household data collection was carried out in two villages that had experienced HAT and one other village that had no reported HAT case from 1977 to 2008 in each district. A structured questionnaire was administered to 384 randomly selected household heads or their representatives in each country. The percent of respondents giving a specific answer was reported. Secondary data was also obtained on socio-economic and political issues in both countries.ResultsInadequate knowledge on the disease cycle and intervention measures contributed considerable barriers to HAT, and more so in Uganda than in Kenya. Gender-associated socio-cultural practices greatly predisposed individuals to HAT. Pesticides-based crop husbandry in the 1970's reportedly reduced vector population while vegetation of coffee and banana's and livestock husbandry directly increased occurrence of HAT. Livestock husbandry practices in the villages were strong predictors of HAT incidence. The residents in Kenya (6.7%) applied chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapeutic controls against trypanosomiasis to a larger extent than Uganda (2.1%).ConclusionKnowledge on tsetse and its control methods, culture, farming practice, demographic and socio-economic variables explained occurrence of HAT better than landscape features.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Socio-Economic and Cultural Determinants of Human African Trypanosomiasis at the Kenya – Uganda Transboundary

et al. 2013

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“…1994). In Uganda, the immense risk posed by domestic cattle and other livestock harbouring T. b. rhodesiense has been revealed by the extensive isoenzyme and RFLP analyses of Enyaru et al . (1993a) and Hide et al .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1980; Gibson & Gashumba 1983). One particular zymodeme of this strain has been isolated over an almost 40‐year period from the Busoga region and adjoining endemic areas of Uganda and Kenya (ibid; Enyaru et al . 1993a).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of field isolates of human pathogenic trypanosomes

Gibson¹

2001

Tropical Med Int Health

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SummaryThe accurate identi®cation of each of the three subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei remains a challenging problem in the epidemiology of sleeping sickness. Advances in molecular characterization have revealed a much greater degree of heterogeneity within the species than previously supposed. Only group 1 T. b. gambiense stands out as a separate entity, de®ned by several molecular markers. T. b. rhodesiense is generally too similar to sympatric T. b. brucei strains to be distinguished from them by any particular molecular markers. Nevertheless, characterization of trypanosome isolates from humans and other animals has allowed the identi®cation of potential reservoir hosts of T. b. rhodesiense. The recent discovery of a gene for human serum resistance may provide a useful marker for T. b. rhodesiense in the future. There have been few attempts to ®nd associations between genetic markers and other biological characters, except human infectivity. However, virulence or¯y transmissibility have been correlated with molecular markers in some instances.keywords Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, epidemiology, drug resistance, genetic markers correspondence Wendy Gibson,

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“…Human pathogenic trypanosomes of the subspecies T. brucei are morphologically indistinguishable from those found only in other animals; and this has greatly hampered research on animal reservoirs. However, with the advent of biochemical and molecular markers some trypanosome stocks circulating in animals were shown to be similar to those found in man 1–5 . The importance of both wild and domestic animals in the epidemiology of T.b.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since then, the role played by domestic animals in the transmission of T.b. rhodesiense has been the subject of several investigations and is well documented 4,8–10 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of T.b. rhodesiense Trypanosomes in Humans and Domestic Animals in South East Uganda by Amplification of Serum Resistance‐Associated Gene

Enyaru¹,

Matovu²,

Nerima³

et al. 2006

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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The human serum resistance-associated (SRA) gene was identified in 28 (80%) of the 35 T.b. rhodesiense trypanosomes from parasitologically confirmed sleeping sickness cases, using the primers designed by Radwanska and in 27 (77.1%) of the same 35 T.b. rhodesiense trypanosomes using the primers designed by Gibson. However, about 20% of the 35 T.b. rhodesiense trypanosomes could not be detected by SRA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) even when an aliquot of the first PCR was used in the second PCR, indicating that the gene may be absent in those trypanosomes or the trypanosomes could be having another variant of SRA not detectable by these primers since three variants of SRA genes have so far been identified or the amount of trypanosomal DNA extracted from infected blood was too low to be detected. The trypanosome isolates that are SRA gene negative may indicate the presence of some T.b. rhodesiense trypanosomes with modified or lack SRA genes or simple loss of the SRA gene from the expression site in which it resides during antigenic variation. Analysis of trypanosomes derived from domestic animals showed that 79 (90.8%) of the 87 trypanosomes isolated from cattle were positive by Trypanosoma brucei (TBR)-PCR, indicating that they were Trypanozoon while 8 (9.2%) of the trypanosome isolates which were negative by TBR-PCR could be T. vivax, T. congolense, or T. theileri. When subjected to SRA-PCR, 10 (11.5%) of the 87 trypanosomes isolates derived from cattle were positive, indicating that there could be T.b. rhodesiense circulating in cattle, which is similar to the percentage of T.b. rhodesiense previously obtained in cattle in Serere, Soroti district.

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Isoenzyme comparison of Trypanozoon isolates from two sleeping sickness areas of south-eastern Uganda

Cited by 25 publications

References 29 publications

Socio-Economic and Cultural Determinants of Human African Trypanosomiasis at the Kenya – Uganda Transboundary

Socio-Economic and Cultural Determinants of Human African Trypanosomiasis at the Kenya – Uganda Transboundary

Molecular characterization of field isolates of human pathogenic trypanosomes

Detection of T.b. rhodesiense Trypanosomes in Humans and Domestic Animals in South East Uganda by Amplification of Serum Resistance‐Associated Gene

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